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Breast cancer (BC) remains a major public health concerns affecting a significant number of women every year. While various therapeutic strategies exist to treat BC, but many current treatments adversely impact healthy cells, leading to considerable side effects. Further challenges in oncology include the development of the resistance of cancer cells to treatment, the limited duration of drug efficacy, and insufficient drug retention at the tumor site. This study aimed to advance diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies for cancer continues to be a critical and active field of study. One of the new and interesting technologies to treat cancers is the use of nanoparticles (NPs), which have opened a new window for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in humans. These NPs  are used by binding to cells to carry various drugs and ligands to cancer cells, especially BC stem cells (BCSCs). This article examines recent research on the application of diverse nanosystems—including metal NPs, polymers, liposomes, and nanomicelles—for the diagnosis and treatment of BC stem cells (BCSCs). While the utilization of these nanosystems presents significant challenges and limitations, a deeper understanding of their properties holds the potential to revolutionize the management of BC. Consequently, this review explores current therapeutic strategies for BC and their associated constraints. Furthermore, it highlights NPs as a promising frontier for tumor diagnosis, imaging, and therapy, with a specific focus on the advancements involving ribonucleic acid (RNA)-loaded NPs.

Keywords: Breast cancer (BC), Breast cancer stem cells (BCSC), Nanoparticles (NPs), Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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