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1- Department of Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
Abstract: (16 Views)
Background: Carbon-plated footwear alters lower-limb mechanical demands and may influence neuromuscular control during locomotion. However, its effects on fatigue-related neuromuscular responses during walking remain unclear, particularly in runners with pronated feet (PF) who may exhibit altered muscle recruitment strategies. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of carbon-plated footwear, running-induced fatigue, and their interaction on lower-limb surface electromyography (EMG) median frequency (MNF) during the loading-response and push-off phases of walking in runners with PF.
Methods: Thirty runners with PF were randomly assigned to either a carbon-plated footwear group (n=15) or a conventional footwear group (n=15). Surface EMG signals (sampled at 1000 Hz) were recorded from eight lower-limb muscles during the loading-response and push-off phases of walking before and after a running-induced fatigue protocol. Raw signals were band-pass filtered (10–500 Hz), notch filtered at 60 Hz, and the MNF was calculated. Two-way mixed repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to determine the main effects of footwear, fatigue, and their interaction. Post hoc comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction (α=0.003125).
Results: During the loading-response phase, significant main effects of footwear were observed for the vastus lateralis (VL; p = 0.001, η²p = 0.406) and biceps femoris (BF; p = 0.001, η²p = 0.324), while a significant main effect of fatigue was found for the semitendinosus (ST; p = 0.001, η²p = 0.325). Significant footwear × fatigue interactions were observed for VL during both loading response (p = 0.001, η²p = 0.452) and push-off (p = 0.002, η²p = 0.290). In both phases, VL median frequency increased after fatigue in the carbon-plated shoe condition but decreased in the control-shoe condition (p < 0.003125).
Conclusion: Running-induced fatigue produced muscle- and phase-specific decreases in lower-limb EMGMNF during walking. Although carbon-plated footwear showed unadjusted trends toward differences in EMG MNF for the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during the loading-response phase, no footwear × fatigue interaction remained statistically significant after family-wise error correction.
Methods: Thirty runners with PF were randomly assigned to either a carbon-plated footwear group (n=15) or a conventional footwear group (n=15). Surface EMG signals (sampled at 1000 Hz) were recorded from eight lower-limb muscles during the loading-response and push-off phases of walking before and after a running-induced fatigue protocol. Raw signals were band-pass filtered (10–500 Hz), notch filtered at 60 Hz, and the MNF was calculated. Two-way mixed repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to determine the main effects of footwear, fatigue, and their interaction. Post hoc comparisons were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction (α=0.003125).
Results: During the loading-response phase, significant main effects of footwear were observed for the vastus lateralis (VL; p = 0.001, η²p = 0.406) and biceps femoris (BF; p = 0.001, η²p = 0.324), while a significant main effect of fatigue was found for the semitendinosus (ST; p = 0.001, η²p = 0.325). Significant footwear × fatigue interactions were observed for VL during both loading response (p = 0.001, η²p = 0.452) and push-off (p = 0.002, η²p = 0.290). In both phases, VL median frequency increased after fatigue in the carbon-plated shoe condition but decreased in the control-shoe condition (p < 0.003125).
Conclusion: Running-induced fatigue produced muscle- and phase-specific decreases in lower-limb EMGMNF during walking. Although carbon-plated footwear showed unadjusted trends toward differences in EMG MNF for the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis during the loading-response phase, no footwear × fatigue interaction remained statistically significant after family-wise error correction.
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