1. Introduction
The pectoralis minor is located in the pectoral region of the thoracic cage deep to the pectoralis major, extending from the rib cage to the coracoid process of the scapula [1]. It originates as 3 fleshy slips from the external surface of the third, fourth, and fifth ribs close to their costochondral joints [2]. The muscle is inserted on the superomedial border of the horizontal portion of the coracoid process. Variations in the insertion of Pectoralis Minor (PMi) have been described as surpassing PMi tendon from the coracoid process to attach at different sites. The coraco-humeral, coracoacromial ligament, glenoid rim, supraspinatus tendon, the capsule of the glenohumeral joint, and infraglenoid humeral tubercles are the reported sites of insertion [3]. Le Double observed anomalies in the PMi insertion and was the first to classify them by describing 3 types, as follows: Type I: only the tendon crosses the coracoid process and gets inserted on the above-mentioned sites. Type II: tendon and few muscle fibers crosses the coracoid process and gets inserted on the sites, as mentioned earlier. Type III: the whole muscle (and not merely the tendon) runs over the coracoid process and gets inserted on different sites discussed above (Figure 1A) [4]. This peculiar case is being reported as the anomalous insertion of PMi in the rotator interval at the greater tubercle along with the supraspinatus tendon in the dissected specimen.




2. Case Report
A unilateral anomalous insertion of PMi muscle on the right side during routine dissection of the upper limb was observed in a sixty-year-old male cadaver. The muscular belly of PMi was observed running over and beyond the coracoid process; it continued as a tendon underneath the coracoacromial ligament. The muscle was separated from the coracoid process by a very thin bursa without any groove or depression on the bone. Moreover, the surface was observed to be smooth and gleaming due to the presence of periosteum after removing the bursa. After cutting the coracoacromial ligament, the tendon was located in the rotator interval; subsequently, it was followed to its final insertion on the glenohumeral capsule between the gutter of the coraco-humeral ligament and supraspinatus muscle. Finally, the fibers of the tendon reached the greater tuberosity along with the tendon of supraspinatus (Figure 1b). Such an insertion of PMi was classified by Le Double as anomalous insertion type III, i.e., least frequent. The muscle belly of PMi crossing the coracoid process, like type III was hitherto unreported. 
The origin and innervation of pectoralis minor were usual without any distinguishing characteristics. The PMi of the left side presented no visible anomaly. Both shoulders were examined for movement. The lateral rotation was restricted by 27 degrees on manual passive rotation (right side: 58° & left side: 85°), i.e., measured by the goniometer. Other movements were almost similar on both sides. The anomalous muscle was taught in the lateral rotation and inferior translation of the right shoulder joint. Most of type III anomalous tendons reported in the literature were inserted either at coraco-humeral or coracoglenoid ligament; however, its attachment was uncharted at rotator interval.

3. Discussion
Gantzer was the first to report the insertion of PMi into the shoulder joint capsule, according to Asghar et al. (2021) [5]. Wood described that the anomalous tendon of PMi made a groove at the coracoid process. Besides, the tendon was blended in a fibrous capsule along with supraspinatus [6]. Macalister reported a case in which a distinct aponeurosis of the PMi tendon crossed the root of the coracoid process and wound downwards and outwards to insert onto the capsule of the shoulder [7]. Earlier observations concerning the insertion of the pectoralis minor have been referred to in the treatises of Testut and Le Double [4, 8]. Patten reported a case of bilateral capsular insertion of part of PMi [9].
The classification of Le Double was introduced based on the relation of the PMi tendon with the coracoid process [10]. Type III insertion of PMi reported by Lee et al. and Lee et al. were tendinous; however, in the present report, the muscle was crossing the coracoid process. The existing literature lacks reports regarding the relation of the muscular belly of PMi with the coracoid process. The reported prevalence of specific subtypes of Le Double was as follows: Type I: 7.7%-33.3% and type II: 5.7%-66.6% after combining the results of 640 shoulders documented by three authors: Schwarz and Hirtler, Lee, and Fang-Dschau [2, 11, 12]. 
Lee et al. reported 5 insertions of type III on Magnetic resonance (MR) arthroscopic evaluation of 335 shoulders (1.5%); four were tendinous and one was muscular while crossing the coracoid process [13]. However, Lee et al. documented a very high prevalence of type III in 74 dissected specimens (23.5%). It was either an incidental finding or type I insertion, counted as type III leading to a lower prevalence of type I [10]. There were inconsistencies for types I and III of Le Double classification among authors. These data required minor modification to avoid undue confusion for the tendinous extension of PMi. 
Aponeurotic or flattened tendinous extension after attachment at the coracoid process may be treated as type I. Type II required no modification. Two subtypes may be introduced in type III of Le Double classification, as type IIIT for tendon and type IIIM for muscle belly without any attachment at coracoid process. The tendon of PMi leads indentation on the superior surface of the coracoid process, i.e., considered a sign of anomalous tendon, even in the dried scapula [2]. Such indentation was absent when muscle lies over the coracoid process, as observed in the present report. 
The overall prevalence of anomalous attachments (all types) of PMi varied from 11% to 79% in earlier studies. Macalister observed 17 anomalous tendons in 106 (16%) dissected specimens [7]. Whether the reference is made to the number of bodies or of sides examined remains undiscovered. Wood found the abnormal tendon in 25 of 136 (18.8%) shoulders [6]. Several cases in which he found the pectoralis minor to insert into the clavicle were excluded. Kolts et al. reported a very high prevalence in the dissected specimen (79%) [14]. No extensive studies were conducted to observe the frequency of the extension of the tendon of the pectoralis minor beyond the coracoid process. The female and left-sided frequencies were higher than their opposites [4]. The radiological prevalence of the insertion of the ectopic PMi tendon was lower, because of failures to identify the tendons of PMi [10, 11]. 
Macalister argued that the coraco-glenoid ligament was a remnant of the more primitive humeral attachment of the pectoralis minor [7]. Sicarda believed that PMi gained attachment to the coracoid process, a superficial portion of the fibers persisted as the coracohumeral and coracoglenoidal ligaments in humans which was noted by Sicarda et al. (1938) [15]. Huntington concluded that PMi insertion gradually migrated cephalad after series of dissections in mammals (especially the lemurs & marmosets, the lower monkeys, anthropoid apes, & humans). The humeral insertion of PMi was primitive, which had become capsular, then capsular and coracoidal, finally entirely coracoidal in mankind [16]. Conversely, Lander suggested that the coracoidal insertion of the pectoralis minor could not be the secondary adaptation, as it is present in many of the very primitive mammals. It migrated during the embryological period to the humerus or another point of attachment [17]. 
Bland-Sutton had countered Lander’s opinion and adopted the previous theory. Such a theory was supported by Tubbs et al. in a preview of the reverse correlation between the size of PMi insertion area and coraco-pectoral distance [1]. Homsi et al. reported a single case of type III anomalous insertion during MR arthroscopic evaluation of 335 shoulders [18]. It was inserted on the coracohumeral ligament; however, in the present report, it was inserted at greater tuberosity via capsular attachment (hitherto unreported).
Such anatomical variations were reported in the literature along with impingement syndrome or thoracic outlet syndrome or rotator cuff injury or compromised external rotation of the shoulder joint [19]. Pectoralis minor tenotomy is indicated for thoracic outlet syndrome or compromised lateral rotation at the shoulder due to the anomalous insertion of PMi. Pectoralis minor tendon is commonly used for the repair of the rotator cuff; however, its anomalous insertion complicated the techniques or compromised the rotation at the glenohumeral joint due to tightness [20]. The ectopic tendon, after releasing from the gleno-humeral capsule, is sutured with a lesser tubercle of the Humerus. Ectopic tendon attachment may hamper the fibrotic scar proliferation in rotator interval following rotator cuff repair. Furthermore, it may proceed as Superior Labrum Anterior to the Posterior (SLAP) lesion [3]. 
The shoulder pain and dyskinesia were reported in half a dozen case reports of anomalous insertion of PMi tendon. Few radiological studies documented that preoperative imaging, like ultrasonography (USG) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), provided less sensitivity in the detection of this pathology. This condition may lead to a more significant loss of range of Motion (ROM) if attached to gleno-humeral capsule, compared to the coraco-glenoid or coraco-humeral ligament [11].

4. Conclusion
The strong relationship between the gleno-humeral capsule and ectopic insertion of PMi at the rotator interval may be associated with the loss of external rotation at the shoulder joint. This uncommon anatomic variation should be suspected if anterior shoulder pain presents or is triggered by forced passive external rotation even in asymptomatic patients. A prior musculoskeletal USG or MRI assessment should be considered to rule out the ectopic insertion of PMi in the repair of rotator cuff or tenotomy in impingement syndrome. If this unusual anomaly is detected, a tenotomy with or without the reimplantation of the PMi on the coracoid process should be performed to achieve adequate external rotation. Both phylogenetic and biomechanical studies could be conducted in the population to reveal the enigma of the ectopic insertion of PMI and their impact on rotator cuff biomechanics.

Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
There were no ethical considerations to be considered in this research. 

Funding
This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. 

Authors' contributions
All authors equally contributed in preparing this article. 

Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.