Histomorphometrical Changes on the Knee Joints of Male and Female Rats After Moderate Exercise Program 2 2 Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint diseases that is accompanied with cartilage loss and finally leads to joint destruction. The most common joint that is affected in OA is the knee joint. Knee joint OA may lead to significant illness. Methods: The effect of excessive running load on the development of knee OA was investigated in rats. This study aimed to evaluate the same moderate running program on the knee cartilage thickness and its lesions in Wistar rats (both sexes with the same age and body weight). Thirty two male and female Wistar rats with no significant difference in their body weight were randomly divided into four equal groups with the same conditions. Eight of each sex was selected as control groups while running exercises were performed in remained 16 male and female rats for 6 weeks on a motor-driven treadmill for 60 minutes each day, 5 days per week. On day 43, all animals were killed and their knee joints were prepared for histomorphometrical study. The histopathological measures, including cartilage lesion thickness, cartilage thickness, maximum degeneration width, minimum degeneration width, degeneration height, cartilage lesion thickness to cartilage thickness ratio and also area of the degenerative parts were evaluated. Results: The severity of OA lesions was graded on a scale adopted from OARSI (Osteoarthritis Research Society International) histopathology instructions. Cartilage lesion thickness and degenerative area of the lesions in the female exercise group were significantly more than those in the male exercise group. Other assessment parameters in the female running exercise group differed from those in male exercise group, too (P>0.05). Conclusion: Histopathological findings revealed mild and moderate OA in the male and female running rats, respectively. 41 46 2017/11/10 1396/8/19 2018/04/25 1397/2/5 Ramona Mosavian Naeini Ramona Mosavian Naeini Department of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran ramona_mosavian@yahoo.com Mansour Sahebalzamani Mansour Sahebalzamani Department of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran nasernazem@yahoo.com Mohammad Naser Nazem Mohammad Naser Nazem Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran nnazem@uk.ac.ir Osteoarthritis Knee Treadmill Sex Rat 1. Jones G, Ding C, Scott F, Glisson M, Cicuttini F. 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Anthropometric Measurement of Maximum Tibia Length in South Indian Population 2 2 Introduction: The human stature forms part of his or her biological profile. It becomes more important during personal identification in case of mass disasters and in search of missing persons. We measured various parameters of the dried tibia, then by applying linear regression we formulated maximum tibia length which can be conveniently used for arriving at human stature. Methods: The obtained data were analyzed by descriptive statistics methods and expressed as mean (SD). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to express the relationship between the Maximum Tibia Length (MTL) and other parameters of tibia. The linear regression analysis was performed and the regression equation was arrived for the prediction of MTL. Results: The mean (SD) score with respective Standard Errors of Estimate (SEE) for both right and left tibia were found, irrespective of the bone side. The mean maximum length of the right and left tibia were 37.50(3.03) cm and 37.05(3.12) cm, respectively. The mean maximum length of tibia, irrespective of side was calculated as 37.20(3.04) cm. The correlation coefficient between MTL and other tibial parameters were derived. Conclusion: Estimation of maximum tibia length with regards to its measured anthropometric parameters in south Indian population can help in evaluating human stature even when a segment of tibia is available for measurement, which is population-specific. 47 54 2017/11/102017/12/25 1396/10/4 2018/04/252018/05/18 1397/2/28 Prasanna Veera Kumar Attada Prasanna Veera Kumar Attada Department of Anatomy, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatanam, India. India Gandrakota Ravindranadh Gandrakota Ravindranadh Department of Anatomy, Perdana University - Royal College Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. Malaysia Kolla Deena Usha Kumari Kolla Deena Usha Kumari Department of Anatomy, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Visakhapatanam, India. India Morphometry Human stature Personal identification 1. Ugochukwu EG, Ugbem LP, Ijomone OM, Ebi OT. Estimation of maximum tibia length from its measured anthropometric parameters in a Nigerian population. Journal of Forensic Science and Medicine. 2016; 2(4):222-8. [DOI:10.4103/2349-5014.197928] [DOI:10.4103/2349-5014.197928]##2. Mall G, Hubig M, Büttner A, Kuznik J, Penning R, Graw M. Sex determination and estimation of stature from the long bones of the arm. Forensic Science International. 2001; 117(1-2):23-30.[DOI:10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00445-X] [DOI:10.1016/S0379-0738(00)00445-X]##3. Wright LE, Vásquez MA. Estimating the length of incomplete long bones: Forensic standards from Guatemala. American Journal of Physical Anthropology: The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2003; 120(3):233-51. 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Histomorphometrical and Histopathological Evaluation of Hedera Helix Alcoholic Extract on Dermal Collagen Bundles 2 2 Introduction: Hedera helix is an evergreen plant used in treatment of wounds in the Iranian folk medicine. One of the main stages in wound healing process is, the proliferative phase in which fibroblasts proliferate within the wounds and produce extracellular matrix. Collagen is the main constituent of extracellular matrix. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hedera helix alcoholic extract on dermal collagen bundles in wound healing process. Methods: 7 adult Oryctolagus Caniculus rabbits were enrolled in this experiment. Four wounds were created on each rabbit. Alcoholic extract of hedera helix dried leaves were prepared. Wounds were treated with eucerin, phenytoin, hedera helix 10% and 20% eucerin-based creams for 20 days. On day 21 (after the completion of the experiment), skin samples were taken and the collagen bundles in reticular and papillary layers of the dermis were evaluated histologically. Results: Histological assessment of dermal collagen bundles in the reticular layer showed that both 10% and 20% hedera helix creams, increased collagen bundle thickness significantly, compared to eucerin treated wounds (P<0.001 and P<0.01). In papillary layer there was no significant effect in both groups. Compared to eucerin treated wounds, collagen bundles were more organized in phenytoin and hedera helix 10% and 20% cream treated wounds, in a Histomorphological point of view. Conclusion: Our results showed that hedera helix contains phytochemicals which may act on the proliferative phase of wound healing process. 55 62 2017/11/102017/12/252017/08/10 1396/5/19 2018/04/252018/05/182018/02/20 1396/12/1 Sahel Motaghi Sahel Motaghi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran sahelmotaghi@gmail.com Mohammad Sadeghi Mohammad Sadeghi Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran mohammadsadeghi451@ymail.com Sajad Seyyedin Sajad Seyyedin Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran hellsgate_s@yahoo.com Gholamreza Sepehri Gholamreza Sepehri Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran gsepehri@yahoo.com Reza Kheirandish Reza Kheirandish Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran kheirandish@uk.ac.ir Hedera helix Wound healing Collagen 1. Singer AJ, Dagum AB. Current management of acute cutaneous wounds. New England Journal of Medicine. 2008; 359(10):1037-46. [DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0707253] [PMID] [DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0707253]##2. Canty EG, Kadler KE. Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis. Journal of Cell Science. 2005; 118(7):1341-53. [DOI:10.1242/jcs.01731] [PMID] [DOI:10.1242/jcs.01731]##3. Caves JM, Kumar VA, Wen J, Cui W, Martinez A, Apkarian R, et al. Fibrillogenesis in continuously spun synthetic collagen fiber. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 2010; 93(1):24-38. [PMID] [PMID]##4. Demidova-Rice TN, Hamblin MR, Herman IM. Acute and impaired wound healing: Pathophysiology and current methods for drug delivery, part 1: Normal and chronic wounds: Biology, causes, and approaaches to care. Advances in Skin & Wound Care. 2012; 25(7):349. [DOI:10.1097/01.ASW.0000416006.55218.d0] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1097/01.ASW.0000416006.55218.d0]##5. Thakur R, Jain N, Pathak R, Sandhu SS. Practices in wound healing studies of plants. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011; 2011. [DOI:10.1093/ecam/neq012] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1093/ecam/neq012]##6. Hamedi A, Zarshenas MM, Sohrabpour M, Zargaran A. Herbal medicinal oils in traditional Persian medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology. 2013; 51(9):1208-18. [DOI:10.3109/13880209.2013.777462] [PMID] [DOI:10.3109/13880209.2013.777462]##7. Lodhi S, Pawar RS, Jain AP, Singhai A. Wound healing potential of Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers. in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 108(2):204-10. 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An experimental model to investigate the dynamics of wound contraction. British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1995; 48(4):189-97. [DOI:10.1016/0007-1226(95)90001-2] [DOI:10.1016/0007-1226(95)90001-2]##13. Nazem MN, Teymouri M, Jahantigh M. The histomorphometric and histopathologic effect of methionine on the epidermis and dermis layers of skin in rat. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2016; 25(4):699-704. [DOI:10.1007/s00580-016-2250-0] [DOI:10.1007/s00580-016-2250-0]##14. Nazem MN, Tavakoli H, Sajjadian SM. Histomorphometrical and histopathological assessment of in ovo methionine injection on the skin layers and its collagen bundles of chicken embryo. Anatomical Sciences Journal. 2015; 12(3):115-20.##15. Tsala DE, Joseph MN, Heroyine LT, Solomon H. In vivo wound healing effect of water extract of stereospernum kunthianum stem-bark. Journal of Medicinal Herbs and Ethnomedicine. 2016; 2(1):1-6.##16. Samanta R, Pattnaik A, Pradhan K, Mehta B, Pattanayak S, Banerjee S. 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James O, Friday ET. Phytochemical composition, bioactivity and wound healing potential of Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extract. International Journal on Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research. 2010; 1(1):54-63.##24. Fikru A, Makonnen E, Eguale T, Debella A, Mekonnen GA. Evaluation of in vivo wound healing activity of methanol extract of Achyranthes aspera L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012; 143(2):469-74. [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.049] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.049]##25. Perumal Samy R, Chow VT. Pilot study with regard to the wound healing activity of protein from calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012; 2012:1-14. [DOI:10.1155/2012/294528] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1155/2012/294528]##26. Ghosh PK, Gaba A. Phyto-extracts in wound healing. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmceutical Science. 2013; 16(5):760-820. [DOI:10.18433/J3831V] [DOI:10.18433/J3831V]##27. Majumdar M, Nayeem N, Kamath JV, Asad M. 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Hypodontia Prevalence in Permanent Dentition in Orthodontics Patients in Kerman (2010-2015) 2 2 Introduction: Hypodontia is one of the most prevalent craniofacial anomalies worldwide. Malocclusion could be prevented, by early treatment of this anomaly. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of congenital missing tooth (hypodontia) in patients, referred to Orthodontic Department of Kerman Dental School, as well as other private Dental Care centers. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, 1883 orthodontic records from 2010-2015 were examined. Demographic characteristics and types of occlusion were obtained from the patients’ records. Data were collected from patients’ panoramic radiography, dental casts, lateral cephalography and, intra-oral photographies. Data was entered to our checklist. Exclusion criteria consisted of tooth loss due to decay or other factors, third molars and individuals under 10 years of age. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software (version 21) and statistical Chi-square test at 0.05 significance level. Results: Of all 1883 participants, 101(5.4%) had dental agenesis. Mandibular second premolar was the most common congenital missing teeth (42.44%), followed by upper lateral incisors (24.41%). Hypodontia in the posterior of mandible were higher than the other site of jaws, and this difference was significant. Gender, unilateral or bilateral hypodontia and type of occlusion difference were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that the prevalence of hypodontia was within the range of which reported in the literature . Lower second premolar was recognized as the most common dental agenesis. Hypodontia requires an appropriate intervention to restore the esthetic and function of teeth and improve patient’s self-esteem. 63 68 2017/11/102017/12/252017/08/102017/10/25 1396/8/3 2018/04/252018/05/182018/02/202018/04/10 1397/1/21 Marzieh Karimi Afshar Marzieh Karimi Afshar Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran marzieh .k.afshar@gmil.com Nahid Karbasi Nahid Karbasi Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran sov.karbasi@gmail.com Molook Torabi Molook Torabi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran m.ttorabi.p@gmail.com Jahangir Haghani Jahangir Haghani Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran j_haghani@kmu.ac.ir Mehrnaz Karimi Afshar Mehrnaz Karimi Afshar Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran mehrnaz.afshar89@gmail.com Hypodontia Prevalence Agenesis Kerman Orthodontics Malocclussion 1. Altug-Atac AT, Erdem D. Prevalence and distribution of dental anomalies in orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2007; 131(4):510–4. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.06.027] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.06.027]##2. Agarwal A, Gundappa M, Miglani S, Nagar R. Asyndromic hypodontia associated with tooth morphology alteration: A rare case report. Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2013; 16(3):269–71. [DOI:10.4103/0972-0707.111332] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.4103/0972-0707.111332]##3. Goya HA, Tanaka S, Maeda T, Akimoto Y. An orthopantomographic study of hypodontia in permanent teeth of Japanese pediatric patients. Journal of Oral Science. 2008; 50(2):143–50. [DOI:10.2334/josnusd.50.143] [PMID] [DOI:10.2334/josnusd.50.143]##4. Meaney S, Anweigi L, Ziada H, Allen F. The impact of hypodontia: A qualitative study on the experiences of patients. European Journal of Orthodontics. 2011; 34(5):547-552. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjr061] [PMID] [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjr061]##5. De Coster PJ, Marks LA, Martens LC, Huysseune A. Dental agenesis: Genetic and clinical perspectives. Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine. 2009; 38:1–17. [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00699.x] [PMID] [DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00699.x]##6. Wu CCL, Wong RWK, Hägg E. [A review of hypodontia: the possible etiologies and orthodontic, surgical and restorative treatment options: Conventional and futuristic (Chinese)]. Hong Kong Dental Journal. 2007; 4(2):113–21.##7. Gomes RR, da Fonseca JA, Paula LM, Faber J, Acevedo AC. Prevalence of hypodontia in orthodontic patients in Brasilia, Brazil. Eur J Orthod. 2010; 32(3):302-6. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjp107] [PMID] [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cjp107]##8. Hedayati Z, Nazari Dashlibrun Y. The prevalence and distribution pattern of hypodontia among orthodontic patients in Southern Iran. European Journal of Dentistry. 2013; 7(5):78-82. [DOI:10.4103/1305-7456.119080] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.4103/1305-7456.119080]##9. Hobkirk JA, Goodman JR, Jones SP. Presenting complaints and findings from a group of patients attending a hypodontia clinic. British Dental Journal. 1994; 177:337-9. [DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.4808606] [PMID] [DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.4808606]##10. Kreczi A, Proff P, Reicheneder C, Faltermeier A. Effects of hypodontia on craniofacial structures and mandibular growth pattern. Head & Face Medicine 2011; 7:23. [DOI:10.1186/1746-160X-7-23] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1186/1746-160X-7-23]##11. Vahid-Dastgerdi E, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Mahdian M, Amini N. Non–syndromic hypodontia in Iranian orthodontic population .Journal of Oral Science. 2010; 52(3):455-61. [DOI:10.2334/josnusd.52.455] [DOI:10.2334/josnusd.52.455]##12. Pagán-Collazo GJ, Oliva J, Cuadrado L, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Elías-Boneta AR. Prevalence of hypodontia in 10- to 14-year-olds seeking orthodontic treatment at a group of clinics in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal. 2014; 33(1):9-13. [PMID] [PMID]##13. Gracco ALT, Zanatta S, Forin Valvecchi F, Bignotti D, Perri A, Baciliero F. Prevalence of dental agenesis in a sample of Italian orthodontic patients: an epidemiological study. Progress in Orthodontics. 2017; 18(1):33. [DOI:10.1186/s40510-017-0186-9] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1186/s40510-017-0186-9]##14. Endo T, Ozoe R, Kubota M, Akiyama M, Shimooka S. A survey of hypodontia in Japanese orthodontic patients. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2006; 129(1):29-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.09.024] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.09.024]##15. Amini F, Rakhshan V, Babaei P. Prevalence and pattern of hypodontia in the permanent dentition of 3374 Iranian orthodontic patients. Dental Research Journal (Isfahan). 2012; 9(3):245–50. [PMCID] [PMID]##16. ValleI AL, LorenzoniII FC, Martins LM, Valle CV, Henriques JF, Almeida AL, et al. A multidisciplinary approach for the management of hypodontia: case report. Journal of Applied Oral Science. 2011; 19 (5):92-95. [PMCID] [PMID] [DOI:10.1590/S1678-77572011000500018] [PMCID]##17. Medina AC. Radiographic study of prevalence and distribution of hypodontia in a pediatric orthodontic population in Venezuela. Pediatric Dentistry. 2012; 34(2):113-6. [PMID] [PMID]##18. Celikoglu M, Kazanci F, Miloglu O, Oztek O, Kamak H, Ceylan I. Frequency and characteristics of tooth agenesis among an orthodontic patient population. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal. 2010; 15(5):e797-801. [PMID] [DOI:10.4317/medoral.15.e797] [PMID]##19. Fekonja A. Hypodontia in orthodontically treated children. European Orthodontic Society. 2005; 27(5):457–60. [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cji027] [PMID] [DOI:10.1093/ejo/cji027]##20. Uslu O, Akcam MO, Evirgen S, Cebeci I. Prevalence of dental anomalies in various malocclusions. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2009; 135(3):328-35. [DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.03.030] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.03.030]##21. Bauer N, Heckmann K, Sand A, Lisson JA. Craniofacial growth patterns in patients with congenitally missing permanent teeth. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics. 2009; 70(2):139-51. [DOI:10.1007/s00056-009-0744-y] [PMID] [DOI:10.1007/s00056-009-0744-y]## ##

Variation in Bifurcation Pattern of Brachial Artery 2 2 Recognizing the arterial variations of human upper extremities is of potential clinical practice because this area is involved in arterial handling and invasive medical procedure. During dissection of the left upper limb of a 35-year-old male embalmed cadaver, we saw brachial artery bifurcation in the middle third of proximal portion of the arm. Its medial branch descended along the medial side of the arm, medial to the median nerve. This branch then redirected laterally after crossing with median nerve. In this part, it lied posterior to the nerve until reached the lateral aspect of the arm. At the elbow level, the medial branch continued as radial artery. The lateral branch of brachial artery remained lateral to the median nerve until reached the elbow. In this part, it continued as ulnar artery after crossed the median nerve anteriorly and descended as interosseous artery. 69 72 2017/11/102017/12/252017/08/102017/10/252017/11/10 1396/8/19 2018/04/252018/05/182018/02/202018/04/102018/04/20 1397/1/31 Alborz Jafaee Soog Alborz Jafaee Soog Department of Anatomy, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran. Iran alborz_jafaee@yahoo.com Ebrahim Kharazinejad Ebrahim Kharazinejad Department of Anatomy, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran. Iran ebrahimkharazee@gmail.com Forouzan Absalan Forouzan Absalan Department of Anatomy, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran. Iran forouzan_absalan@yahoo.com Brachial artery bifurcation Radial artery Ulnar artery Arterial variations 1. Ramesh RT, Shetty Prakashchandra Y, Suresh R. Abnormal branching pattern of the axillary artery and its clinical significance. International Journal of Morphology. 2008; 26(2):389-92. [DOI:10.4067/S0717-95022008000200022] [DOI:10.4067/S0717-95022008000200022]##2. Zhan D, Zhao Y, Sun J, Ling EA and Yip GW. Higher bifurcation of brachial artery with superficial course of radial artery in forearm: A study report. The Scientific World Journal. 2010; 10:1999-2002. [DOI:10.1100/tsw.2010.187] [PMID] [DOI:10.1100/tsw.2010.187]##3. Aughsteen AA, Hawamdeh HM, Al-Khayat M. Bilateral variations in the branching patter of brachial artery. International Journal of Anatomical Variations. 2011; 4:167-170.##4. Suganthy J, Koshy S, Indrasingh I, Vettivel S. A very rare absence of radial artery: A case report. Journal of the Anatomical Society of India. 2002; 51(1):61-4.##5. Tank PW. Grant's dissector (Tank, Grant's dissector). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.##6. Varlekar P, Chavda H, Kubavat D, Nagar SH, Saiyad SS, Lakhani CH. Higher bifurcation of brachial artery with superficial course of radial artery in forearm: A study report. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 2013; 2(3):703-6. [DOI:10.5455/ijmsph.2013.030520134] [DOI:10.5455/ijmsph.2013.030520134]##7. Singh W. Text book of clinical Embryology. New Delhi: Elsevier India; 2012.##8. Sikka A, Jain A. Bilateral variation in the origin and course of the vertebral artery. Anatomy Research International. 2012; 2012:1-3. [DOI:10.1155/2012/580765] [DOI:10.1155/2012/580765]##9. Pokhler R, Bhatnagar R. Unilateral high bifurcation of brachial artery. OA Anatomy. 2013; 1(4):34. [DOI:10.13172/2052-7829-1-4-982] [DOI:10.13172/2052-7829-1-4-982]##10. Talalwah WA. A case report of a high brachial artery bifurcation in relation to clinical significance of artificial arteriovenous fistula. Acta Medica International. 2017; 4(1):22-4. [DOI:10.5530/ami.2017.4.5] [DOI:10.5530/ami.2017.4.5]##11. Rossi Junior WC, Esteves A, Simoes JS and Fernandes GJM. Bilateral high division of the brachial artery in one human male cadaver: Case report. Journal of Morphological Sciences. 2011; 28(3):204-7.## ##

Impact of Educational Flash Cards on Improved Learning of Skull Radiotherapy Techniques 2 2 Learning skull radiography techniques is time consuming and difficult, due to the variety of these techniques. Each year, poor employee performance of the radiology unit, impose repetitive radiographs, and a heavy burden on the health system, as well as double exposure of patients and staff. According to the results of the current investigation, comparing student’s opinions revealed that the use of flash cards could facilitate and accelerate learning of radiographic techniques. Moreover, it is demonstrated that using flash cards could help maintain long-term radiographic techniques and are effective in the education process. This report highlights that the use of flash cards not only facilitates and accelerates the learning of the skull radiographic techniques, but also can reduce the repetitive radiographs, the costs imposed on the health system and double exposure of patients and staff. 73 76 2017/11/102017/12/252017/08/102017/10/252017/11/102017/10/10 1396/7/18 2018/04/252018/05/182018/02/202018/04/102018/04/202018/03/25 1397/1/5 Gholamreza Dashti Gholamreza Dashti Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran Dashti@med.mui.ac.ir Farhad Golshan Iranpour Farhad Golshan Iranpour Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran fgolshaniranpour@yahoo.com Marziyeh Salimi Marziyeh Salimi Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran salimi@yahoo.com Mojtaba Akbari Mojtaba Akbari Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran nazem_hasti@yahoo.com Fatemeh Mohammadi Chamnari Fatemeh Mohammadi Chamnari Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran ghasemi_anatomy@yahoo.com Nazem Ghasemi Nazem Ghasemi Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Iran n_ghasemi@med.mui.ac.ir Educational technology Radiography Learnin Moosavi M, Koohpayehzadeh J, Soltani Arabshahi SK, Bigdeli S, Hatami K. [Assessment of educational environment at main clinical wards in teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences: Stagers and Interns viewpoints based on modified DREEM (Persian)]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2015; 21(129):58-67.##Malekian F, Nadi M. The effect of program learning on learning and retention of mathematics among the fifth–step students affected with learning disabilities in Kermanshah City. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 46:785-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.199]##Owusu-Banahene J, Darko EO, Hasford F, Addison EK, Asirifi JO. Film reject analysis and image quality in diagnostic Radiology Department of a Teaching hospital in Ghana. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2014; 7(4):589-94. [DOI:10.1016/j.jrras.2014.09.012]##Glaser SM, Dehn TG. Reject film study: Cost and quality considerations in a radiology department. Quality Review Bulletin. 1980; 6(6):19-22. [PMID]##Peer S, Peer R, Walcher M, Pohl W, Jaschke W. Comparative reject analysis in conventional film-screen and digital storage phosphor radiography. European Radiology. 1999; 9(8):1693-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s003300050911] [PMID]##Fauber T. Radiographic imaging and exposure. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016.##White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral radiology-E-Book: Principles and interpretation. Amesterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.##Zhang ZL, Yang X, Zhao Y. [A study of errors of radiography in 10000 intraoral periapical radiographs (Chinese)]. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology. 1995; 4(3):142. [PMID]##National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurement. Medical radiation exposure of the U.S. population greatly increased since the early 1980s. Bethesda, Maryland: National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurement; 2009.##Starfield B. Is US health really the best in the world?. The Journal of the American Medical Association. 2000; 284(4):483-5. [PMID]## ##