Histomorphogenesis of the Chukar Partridge (Alectoris Chukar) Knee Joint 2 2 Introduction: There are differences in the pattern of the knee joint formation of the studied species. According to the small number of studies which focused chronologically on the avian knee histomorphogenetic events, its “morphogenetic pattern” is hard to be proposed. The present work was designed to identify the sequential events of the knee formation in the partridge embryo. Regarding to different incubation periods of the partridge and the chick embryos, it is interesting to know if sequential morphogenetic events of the knee joint formation of these two avian models will happen through corresponding days of incubation. Methods: In this study partridge (AlectorisChukar) embryos were used from day 5 to 23 of incubation. 5 ;mum thick sections were obtained sagittally and frontally from the knee region. The slides were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), green Trichrome Masson (TM) and Alsian Blue–Van Gieson’s (ABV) methods and studied by light microscope. Results: In the knee development of partridge we determined three layered interzone formation, joint cavitation and other morphogenetic events of the knee structures of the partridge. Conclusion: According to comparison of present results and other similar studies, it seems that birds and mammals follow different timely and sequential pattern of the knee formation. 61 67 2015/01/10 1393/10/20 2015/03/25 1394/1/5 Tannaz Mir Tannaz Mir Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran mir_tanaz@yahoo.com Bahador Shojaei Bahador Shojaei Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran bshojaei@uk.ac.ir Shadi Hashemnia Shadi Hashemnia Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran shadihashemnia@uk.ac.ir Embryology Knee Joint Galliformes Histology [1] Clark CR, Ogden GA, Connecticut NH. Development of the menisci##of the human knee joint. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.##1983; 65(4):538-547.##[2] Bland YS, Ashhurst DE. Fetal and postnatal development of the##patella, patellar tendon and suprapatella in the rabbit; changes##in the distribution of the fibrillar collagens. Journal of Anatomy.##1997; 190(Pt 3):327-342.##[3] Merida-Velasco JA, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Rodriguez-##Vazquez JF, Merida-Velasco JR, Jimenez-Collado J. Development##of the Human Knee Joint. Anatomical Record. 1997;##248(2):269-278.##[4] Ito MM, Kida MY. Morphological and biochemical re-evaluation##of the process of cavitation in the rat knee joint: cellular##and cell strata alterations in the interzone. Journal of Anatomy.##2000; 197(Pt 4):659-679.##[5] Ratajczak W. Early development of the cruciate ligaments in##staged human embryos. Folia Morphologica (Warsz). 2000;##59(4):285-290.##[6] Roddy KA, Nowlan NC, Prendergast PJ, Murphy P. 3D representation##of the developing chick knee joint: a novel approach##integrating multiple components. Journal of Anatomy. 2009;##214(3):374-387.##[7] Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development##of the chick embryo. Journal of Morphology. 1951;##88(1):49-92.##[8] Fell HB. The histogenesis of cartilage and bone in the long bones##of the embryonic fowl. Journal of Morphology. 1925; 40(3):417-##459.##[9] Pourlis AF, Magras IN, Petridis D. Ossification and growth rates##of the limb long bones during the prehatching period in the##quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica). Anatomia Histologia Embryolia.##1998; 27(1):61-63.##[10] Bi W, Deng JM, Zhang Z, Behringer RR, Crombrugghe BD.##Sox9 is required for cartilage formation. Nature Genetics. 1999;##22(1):85-89.##Figure 10. Knee joint of the 20 days partridge embryo, TM##staining, 1. Femur, 2. Tibia, 3. Epiphyseal vessels, 4. Growth##plate, 5. Patella, 6. Medial meniscus, 7. Patellar ligament, 8.##Quadriceps femoris, 9. Infrapatellar fat pad, 10. Knee joint##cavity.##66##[11] Hartmann C, Tabin CJ. Dual roles of Wnt signaling during##chondrogenesis in the chicken limb. Development. 2000;##127(14):3141-3159.##[12] Mitrovic DR. Development of the diarthrodial joints in the rat##embryo. American Journal of Anatomy. 1978; 151(4):475-485.##[13] Nalin AM, Greenlee TK Jr, Sandell LJ. Collagen gene expression##during development of avian synovial joints: transient expression##of types II and XI collagen genes in the joint capsule.##Developmental Dynamics. 1995; 203(3):352-362.##[14] Shellswell GB, Wolpert L. The pattern of muscle and tendon##development in the chick wing. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite##Morphogenesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;##1977, pp: 71-86.##[15] Kardon G. Muscle and tendon morphogenesis in the avian##hind limb. Development. 1998; 125(20):4019-4032.##[16] Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. The cell and developmental biology##of tendons and ligaments. International Review of Cytology.##2000; 196:85-130.##[17] Buckingham M, Bajard L, Chang T, Daubas P, Hadchouel J,##Meilhac S, et al. The formation of skeletal muscle: from somite##to limb. Journal of Anatomy. 2003; 202(1):59-68.##[18] Archer CW, Dowthwaite GP, Francis-West P. Development of##synovial joints. Birth Defects Research part C: Embryo Today.##2003; 69(2):144-155.##[19] Khan IM, Redman SN, Williams R, Dowthwaite GP, Oldfield##SF, Archer CW. The development of synovial joints. Current##Topics in Developmental Biology. 2007; 79:1-36.##[20] Shojaei B, Gilanpour H, Rezaeian M. [Chronological study of##the formation of ligaments of the knee joint in the chick embryo##(Persian)]. Paper Presented at: 1st Iranian Congress of Veterinary##Basic Sciences; 2000 Apr 20; Tehran, Iran.##[21] Gilanpour H, Shojaei B, Rezaeian M. [Chronological study of##the formation of menisci of the knee joint in the chick embryo##(Persian)]. Paper Presented at: 1st Iranian Congress of Veterinary##Basic Sciences; 2000 Apr 20; Tehran, Iran.##[22] Shojaei B, Salari-Sedigh H. Embryonic morphogenesis of menisci##in the Quail knee joint. XXII World’s Poultry Congress;##2004 Jun 8-13; Istanbul, Turkey.##[23] Shojaei B, Talebhemmat M. Study of knee joint ligaments formation##in the Quail embryo. XXII World’s Poultry Congress.##2004 Jun 8-13; Istanbul, Turkey.##[24] Walker JM. Musculoskeletal development: A review. Physical##Therapy. 1991; 71(12):878-889.##[25] Merida-Velasco JA, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Merida-##Velasco JR, Rodriguez-Vazquez JF, Jimenez-Collado J.##Development of the human knee joint ligaments. Anatomical##Record. 1997; 248(2):259-268.##[26] Fukazawa I, Hatta T, Uchio Y, Otani H. Development of the##meniscus of the knee joint in human fetuses. Congenital##Anomalies (Kyoto). 2009; 49(1):27-32.##[27] Osborne AC, Lamb KJ, Lewthwaite JC, Dowthwaite GP, Pitsillides##AA. Short-term rigid and flaccid paralyses diminish##growth of embryonic chick limbs and abrogate joint cavity formation##but differentially preserve pre-cavitated joints. Journal##of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 2002; 2(5):448-##456.##[28] Roddy KA, Prendergast PJ, Murphy P. Mechanical influences##on morphogenesis of the knee joint revealed through morphological,##molecular and computational analysis of immobilised##embryos. PLOS ONE. 2011; 6(2):e17526.##[29] Walker WF. Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates (an evolutionary##perspective). 1st ed. New York: CBS College Publishing;##1987, pp: 5-13.##[30] Shojaei B, Jalalinejad S. [Anatomic study of the ostrich knee##joint (Persian)]. Paper Presented at: 17th National and 5th International##Iranian Biology Conference; 2012 Sep 4-6; Kerman,##Iran.##[1] Clark CR, Ogden GA, Connecticut NH. Development of the menisci##of the human knee joint. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.##1983; 65(4):538-547.##[2] Bland YS, Ashhurst DE. Fetal and postnatal development of the##patella, patellar tendon and suprapatella in the rabbit; changes##in the distribution of the fibrillar collagens. Journal of Anatomy.##1997; 190(Pt 3):327-342.##[3] Merida-Velasco JA, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Rodriguez-##Vazquez JF, Merida-Velasco JR, Jimenez-Collado J. Development##of the Human Knee Joint. Anatomical Record. 1997;##248(2):269-278.##[4] Ito MM, Kida MY. Morphological and biochemical re-evaluation##of the process of cavitation in the rat knee joint: cellular##and cell strata alterations in the interzone. Journal of Anatomy.##2000; 197(Pt 4):659-679.##[5] Ratajczak W. Early development of the cruciate ligaments in##staged human embryos. Folia Morphologica (Warsz). 2000;##59(4):285-290.##[6] Roddy KA, Nowlan NC, Prendergast PJ, Murphy P. 3D representation##of the developing chick knee joint: a novel approach##integrating multiple components. Journal of Anatomy. 2009;##214(3):374-387.##[7] Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development##of the chick embryo. Journal of Morphology. 1951;##88(1):49-92.##[8] Fell HB. The histogenesis of cartilage and bone in the long bones##of the embryonic fowl. Journal of Morphology. 1925; 40(3):417-##459.##[9] Pourlis AF, Magras IN, Petridis D. Ossification and growth rates##of the limb long bones during the prehatching period in the##quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica). Anatomia Histologia Embryolia.##1998; 27(1):61-63.##[10] Bi W, Deng JM, Zhang Z, Behringer RR, Crombrugghe BD.##Sox9 is required for cartilage formation. Nature Genetics. 1999;##22(1):85-89.##Figure 10. Knee joint of the 20 days partridge embryo, TM##staining, 1. Femur, 2. Tibia, 3. Epiphyseal vessels, 4. Growth##plate, 5. Patella, 6. Medial meniscus, 7. Patellar ligament, 8.##Quadriceps femoris, 9. Infrapatellar fat pad, 10. Knee joint##cavity.##66##[11] Hartmann C, Tabin CJ. Dual roles of Wnt signaling during##chondrogenesis in the chicken limb. Development. 2000;##127(14):3141-3159.##[12] Mitrovic DR. Development of the diarthrodial joints in the rat##embryo. American Journal of Anatomy. 1978; 151(4):475-485.##[13] Nalin AM, Greenlee TK Jr, Sandell LJ. Collagen gene expression##during development of avian synovial joints: transient expression##of types II and XI collagen genes in the joint capsule.##Developmental Dynamics. 1995; 203(3):352-362.##[14] Shellswell GB, Wolpert L. The pattern of muscle and tendon##development in the chick wing. In Vertebrate Limb and Somite##Morphogenesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press;##1977, pp: 71-86.##[15] Kardon G. Muscle and tendon morphogenesis in the avian##hind limb. Development. 1998; 125(20):4019-4032.##[16] Benjamin M, Ralphs JR. The cell and developmental biology##of tendons and ligaments. International Review of Cytology.##2000; 196:85-130.##[17] Buckingham M, Bajard L, Chang T, Daubas P, Hadchouel J,##Meilhac S, et al. The formation of skeletal muscle: from somite##to limb. Journal of Anatomy. 2003; 202(1):59-68.##[18] Archer CW, Dowthwaite GP, Francis-West P. Development of##synovial joints. Birth Defects Research part C: Embryo Today.##2003; 69(2):144-155.##[19] Khan IM, Redman SN, Williams R, Dowthwaite GP, Oldfield##SF, Archer CW. The development of synovial joints. Current##Topics in Developmental Biology. 2007; 79:1-36.##[20] Shojaei B, Gilanpour H, Rezaeian M. [Chronological study of##the formation of ligaments of the knee joint in the chick embryo##(Persian)]. Paper Presented at: 1st Iranian Congress of Veterinary##Basic Sciences; 2000 Apr 20; Tehran, Iran.##[21] Gilanpour H, Shojaei B, Rezaeian M. [Chronological study of##the formation of menisci of the knee joint in the chick embryo##(Persian)]. Paper Presented at: 1st Iranian Congress of Veterinary##Basic Sciences; 2000 Apr 20; Tehran, Iran.##[22] Shojaei B, Salari-Sedigh H. Embryonic morphogenesis of menisci##in the Quail knee joint. XXII World’s Poultry Congress;##2004 Jun 8-13; Istanbul, Turkey.##[23] Shojaei B, Talebhemmat M. Study of knee joint ligaments formation##in the Quail embryo. XXII World’s Poultry Congress.##2004 Jun 8-13; Istanbul, Turkey.##[24] Walker JM. Musculoskeletal development: A review. Physical##Therapy. 1991; 71(12):878-889.##[25] Merida-Velasco JA, Sanchez-Montesinos I, Espin-Ferra J, Merida-##Velasco JR, Rodriguez-Vazquez JF, Jimenez-Collado J.##Development of the human knee joint ligaments. Anatomical##Record. 1997; 248(2):259-268.##[26] Fukazawa I, Hatta T, Uchio Y, Otani H. Development of the##meniscus of the knee joint in human fetuses. Congenital##Anomalies (Kyoto). 2009; 49(1):27-32.##[27] Osborne AC, Lamb KJ, Lewthwaite JC, Dowthwaite GP, Pitsillides##AA. Short-term rigid and flaccid paralyses diminish##growth of embryonic chick limbs and abrogate joint cavity formation##but differentially preserve pre-cavitated joints. Journal##of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. 2002; 2(5):448-##456.##[28] Roddy KA, Prendergast PJ, Murphy P. Mechanical influences##on morphogenesis of the knee joint revealed through morphological,##molecular and computational analysis of immobilised##embryos. PLOS ONE. 2011; 6(2):e17526.##[29] Walker WF. Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates (an evolutionary##perspective). 1st ed. New York: CBS College Publishing;##1987, pp: 5-13.##[30] Shojaei B, Jalalinejad S. [Anatomic study of the ostrich knee##joint (Persian)]. Paper Presented at: 17th National and 5th International##Iranian Biology Conference; 2012 Sep 4-6; Kerman,##Iran. ##

The Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Aqueous Extract of Elaeagnus Angustifolia on the Mechanical Properties of Articular Cartilage in an Experimental Model of Rat Osteoarthritis 2 2 Introduction: Although, the effect of direct intra-articular injection of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) on the repair of articular cartilage and the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract on pain relief in patients with osteoarthritis have been investigated, no studies has been conducted to compare the effects of these two therapeutic methods on the mechanical properties of articular cartilage. In the present stuy, the effect of these two methods on the mechanical strength of knee articular cartilage in a model of rat osteoarthritis has been studied. Methods: In the present research, 48 mature, male Wistar rats were used. Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 as follows: control group (healthy animals), saline with mono-iodoacetate (MIA), MIA with Elaeagnus angustifolia extract, MIA with BMSCs, and MIA with a combination of Elaeagnus angustifolia extract and BMSCs. Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of 50 ;muL solution of MIA in rats of groups 3 to 6. About 500 mg/kg Elaeagnus angustifolia extract was injected intraperitoneally daily for 4 weeks and nonautologous mesenchymal stem cells were injected into the knee joint on the 14th day. Stress-relaxation test was conducted applying 0.1 mm displacement at the rate of 5 mm/min for 1000 seconds. Then, the maximum initial force, instantaneous stiffness,equilibrium force, and equilibrium stiffness were calculated. Results: Induction of osteoarthritis model decreased instantaneous stiffness, maximum initial force, and equilibrium stiffness as compared to the healthy group (P=0.05). Using Elaeagnus angustifolia extract and bone marrow stem cells increased instantaneous stiffness and equilibrium stiffness compared to MIA group, although this increase was statistically significant only in the BMSCs group (P=0.04 and P=0.026, respectively). In the BMSCs group, maximum initial force also significantly increased compared to MIA group (P=0.04). Conclusion: Apparently direct injection of BMSCs into the knee joint with osteoarthritis is more effective in increasing mechanical strength of the cartilage and improving the performance of the weight-bearing joint compared to using Elaeagnus angustifolia extract. 68 74 2015/01/102015/02/5 1393/11/16 2015/03/252015/04/13 1394/1/24 Mahmoud Mofid Mahmoud Mofid Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran mofidmmail@yahoo.com Seyed Homayoon Sadraie Seyed Homayoon Sadraie Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran h_sadraie@yahoo.com Hossein Imani Hossein Imani Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Eimanih@yahoo.com Giti Torkaman Giti Torkaman Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Iran torkamang@yahoo.com Gholamreza Kaka Gholamreza Kaka Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran gh_kaka@yahoo.com Mohammad Reza Naghii Mohammad Reza Naghii Department of Nutrition, Health School, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran naghiimr@yahoo.com Gholamhossein Alishiri Gholamhossein Alishiri Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Iran ghalishiri@yahoo.com Mohammad Hossein Asadi Mohammad Hossein Asadi Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran asadiamh@yahoo.com Osteoarthritis Mesenchymal stem cells Elaeagnus angustifolia Mechanical strength of cartilage [1] Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Gholami J,##Forouzanfar MH, Akhlaghi M, et al. WHO-ILAR COPCORD##Study (Stage 1, Urban Study) in Iran. The Journal of Rheumatology.##2008; 35(7):1384.##[2] Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Faezi T, Paragomi##P, Barghamdi M. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in rural##areas of Iran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. International##Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 17(4):384-8.##[3] Young AA, Appleyard RC, Smith MM, Melrose J, Little CB. 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Mesenchymal stem##cells reside in anterior cruciate ligament remnants in situ. International##orthopaedics. 2015 :1-8. doi: 10.1007/s00264-015-##2925-1.##[37] Xu L, Wang Q, Xu F, Ye Z, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Mesenchymal##stem cells downregulate articular chondrocyte differentiation##in noncontact coculture systems: implications in cartilage##tissue regeneration. Stem Cells and Development. 2013;##22(11):1657-69.##[38] Perdisa F, Gostynska N, Roffi A, Filardo G, Marcacci M, Kon##E. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment##of aticular cartilage: a systematic review on preclinical and##clinical evidence. Stem Cells International. 2015; 2015(9859):1-##13. doi: 10.1155/2015/597652.##[39] Han SH, Kim YH, Park MS, Kim IA, Shin JW, Yang WI, et##al. Histological and biomechanical properties of regenerated##articular cartilage using chondrogenic bone marrow stromal##cells with a PLGA scaffold in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Materials##Research Part A. 2008; 87(4):850-61.##[1] Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Gholami J,##Forouzanfar MH, Akhlaghi M, et al. WHO-ILAR COPCORD##Study (Stage 1, Urban Study) in Iran. The Journal of Rheumatology.##2008; 35(7):1384.##[2] Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Davatchi F, Jamshidi AR, Faezi T, Paragomi##P, Barghamdi M. Prevalence of osteoarthritis in rural##areas of Iran: a WHO-ILAR COPCORD study. International##Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. 2014; 17(4):384-8.##[3] Young AA, Appleyard RC, Smith MM, Melrose J, Little CB. Dynamic##biomechanics correlate with histopathology in human##tibial cartilage: a preliminary study. Clinical Orthopaedics##and Related Research. 2007; 462:212-20.##[4] Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Abramson SB. Osteoarthritis, an##inflammatory disease: potential implication for the selection##of new therapeutic targets. Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2001;##44(6):1237-47.##[5] Lubis AM, Lubis VK. Adult bone marrow stem cells in cartilage##therapy. Acta Medica Indonesiana. 2012; 44(1):62-8.##[6] Wang W, Cao W. Treatment of osteoarthritis with mesenchymal##stem cells. Science China Life Sciences. 2014; 57(6):586-95.##[7] Jo CH, Lee YG, Shin WH, Kim H, Chai JW, Jeong EC, et al. Intraarticular##injection of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment##of osteoarthritis of the knee: a proof-of-concept clinical trial.##Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio). 2014; 32(5):1254-66.##[8] Zargari A. Medicinal Plants. 6th ed. Tehran: Tehran University##Publication; 1997, pp: 249-265.##[9] Qinghua Y. Air-acetylen atomic obsorbtion determination of##light metod elements in oleaster fruit juice. Guangpuxue yo##Guangpu Fenxi. 1989; 9:7-80-9.##[10] Nikolaeva AG, Terent’eva IV, Krivenchuk PE, Prokopenko##AP. Alkaloids of Elaeagnus Angustifolia. Chemical Abstracts.##1971; 74:1058q.##[11] Ahmadiani A, Hosseini J, Semnanian S, Javan M, Saeedi F,##Kamalinejad M, et al. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory##effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.##2000; 72(1-2):287-92.##[12] Alishiri Gh H, Bayat N, Kamalinejhad M, Salimzadeh A, Saremi##S, Miri M, et al. [Efficacy of ElaeagnusAngustifolia Extract##in Treatment of Osteoarthritis of Knee: A Randomized Double##Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial (Persian)]. Kowsar Medical##Journal. 2007; 1(12):49-57.##[13] Wang Q, Ruan X, Huang JH, Xu NY, Yan QC. Intra-specific##genetic relationship analyses of Elaeagnus angustifolia based##on RP-HPLC biochemical markers. Journal of Zhejiang University##Science B. 2006; 7(4):272-8.##[14] Hekmatian E, Asghari GH, Bahri-Najafi R, Moosavi SH. [Evaluation##of the effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia drug film on##gag reflex (Persian)]. Journal of Isfahan Dental School. 2011;##7(4):395-401.##74##[15] Zhang S, Qin C, Safe SH. Flavonoids as aryl hydrocarbon receptor##agonists/antagonists: effects of structure and cell context.##Environmental Health Perspectives. 2003; 111(16):1877-82.##[16] Bucur L, Negreanu-Pirjol T, Giurginca M, Istudor V. Some##new elaeagnus angustifolia l. Extracts andthe pharmaceutical##products antioxidant activities determined by the chemiluminiscence##method. Revue Roumaine de Chimie. 2008;##53(10):961-4.##[17] Guo AJ, Choi RC, Zheng KY, Chen VP, Dong TT, Wang ZT,##et al. Kaempferol as a flavonoid induces osteoblastic differentiation##via estrogen receptor signaling. Chinese Medicine.##2012; 7:10.##[18] Lim H, Park H, Kim HP. Effects of flavonoids on matrix metalloproteinase-##13 expression of interleukin-1beta-treated articular##chondrocytes and their cellular mechanisms: inhibition of##c-Fos/AP-1 and JAK/STAT signaling pathways. Journal of##Pharmacological Sciences. 2011; 116(2):221-31.##[19] Hansen JM, Carney EW, Harris C. Altered differentiation in##rat and rabbit limb bud micromass cultures by glutathione##modulating agents. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2001;##31(12):1582-92.##[20] Beecher BR, Martin JA, Pedersen DR, Heiner AD, Buckwalter##JA. Antioxidants block cyclic loading induced chondrocyte##death. The Lowa Orthopaedic Journal. 2007; 27:1-8.##[21] Somjen D, Katzburg S, Sharon O, Grafi-Cohen M, Knoll E,##Stern N. The effects of estrogen receptors alpha- and betaspecific##agonists and antagonists on cell proliferation and energy##metabolism in human bone cell line. Journal of Cellular##Biochemistry. 2011; 112(2):625-32.##[22] Talaei-Khozani T, Vojdani Z, Dehghani F, Heidari E, Kharazi-##Nejad E, Panjeh-Shahin MR. Toxic effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia##fruit extract on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis##in mouse limb buds. The Tokai Journal of Experimental and##Clinical Medicine. 2011; 36(3):63-70.##[23] Ravanbod R, Torkaman G, Esteki A. Biotribological and biomechanical##changes after experimental haemarthrosis in the##rabbit knee. Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.##2011; 17(1):124-33.##[24] Ravanbod R, Torkaman G, Esteki A. Comparison between##pulsed ultrasound and low level laser therapy on experimental##haemarthrosis. Journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia.##2013; 19(3):420-5.##[25] Ravanbod R, Torkaman G, Mophid M, Mohammadali F.##Experimental study on the role of intra-articular injection of##MSCs on cartilage regeneration in haemophilia. Journal of##the World Federation of Hemophilia. 2015; 21(5):693-701. doi:##10.1111/hae.12659.##[26] Roemhildt ML, Coughlin KM, Peura GD, Fleming BC, Beynnon##BD. Material properties of articular cartilage in the rabbit##tibial plateau. Journal of Biomechanics. 2006; 39(12):2331-7.##[27] Wang CC, Hung CT, Mow VC. An analysis of the effects of##depth-dependent aggregate modulus on articular cartilage##stress-relaxation behavior in compression. Journal of Biomechanics.##2001; 34(1):75-84.##[28] Naveen SV, Ahmad RE, Hui WJ, Suhaeb AM, Murali MR,##Shanmugam R, et al. Histology, glycosaminoglycan level and##cartilage stiffness in monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis:##comparative analysis with anterior cruciate ligament transection##in rat model and human osteoarthritis. International Journal##of Medical Sciences. 2014; 11(1):97-105.##[29] Kon E, Filardo G, Condello V, Collarile M, Di Martino A, Zorzi##C, et al. Second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation:##results in patients older than 40 years. The American##Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 39(8):1668-75.##[30] Kon E, Filardo G, Drobnic M, Madry H, Jelic M, van Dijk N,##et al. Non-surgical management of early knee osteoarthritis.##Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy: Official##Journal of the ESSKA. 2012; 20(3):436-49.##[31] Marcacci M, Zaffagnini S, Kon E, Marcheggiani Muccioli GM,##Di Martino A, Di Matteo B, et al. Unicompartmental osteoarthritis:##an integrated biomechanical and biological approach##as alternative to metal resurfacing. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology,##Arthroscopy: Official Journal of the ESSKA. 2013;##21(11):2509-17.##[32] Filardo G, Andriolo L, Balboni F, Marcacci M, Kon E. Cartilage##failures. Systematic literature review, critical survey analysis,##and definition. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy:##Official Journal of the ESSKA. 2015; 23(12):1-10. doi:##10.1007/s00167-014-3272-2.##[33] Filardo G, Kon E, Di Martino A, Patella S, Altadonna G, Balboni##F, et al. Second-generation arthroscopic autologous##chondrocyte implantation for the treatment of degenerative##cartilage lesions. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy:##Official Journal of the ESSKA. 2012; 20(9):1704-13.##[34] Filardo G, Kon E, Perdisa F, Di Matteo B, Di Martino A, Iacono##F, et al. Osteochondral scaffold reconstruction for complex##knee lesions: a comparative evaluation. The Knee. 2013;##20(6):570-6.##[35] Filardo G, Vannini F, Marcacci M, Andriolo L, Ferruzzi A, Giannini##S, et al. Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation##for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritic knees:##results and failures at midterm follow-up. The American##Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013; 41(1):95-100.##[36] Fu W, Li Q, Tang X, Chen G, Zhang C, Li J. Mesenchymal stem##cells reside in anterior cruciate ligament remnants in situ. International##orthopaedics. 2015 :1-8. doi: 10.1007/s00264-015-##2925-1.##[37] Xu L, Wang Q, Xu F, Ye Z, Zhou Y, Tan WS. Mesenchymal##stem cells downregulate articular chondrocyte differentiation##in noncontact coculture systems: implications in cartilage##tissue regeneration. Stem Cells and Development. 2013;##22(11):1657-69.##[38] Perdisa F, Gostynska N, Roffi A, Filardo G, Marcacci M, Kon##E. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment##of aticular cartilage: a systematic review on preclinical and##clinical evidence. Stem Cells International. 2015; 2015(9859):1-##13. doi: 10.1155/2015/597652.##[39] Han SH, Kim YH, Park MS, Kim IA, Shin JW, Yang WI, et##al. Histological and biomechanical properties of regenerated##articular cartilage using chondrogenic bone marrow stromal##cells with a PLGA scaffold in vivo. Journal of Biomedical Materials##Research Part A. 2008; 87(4):850-61. ##

Repressing of SOX6 and SOX9 in Situ Chondrogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells 2 2 Introduction: SOX9 is a transcriptional activator which is necessary for chondrogenesis. SOX6 are closely related to DNA-binding proteins that critically enhance its function. Therefore, to carry out the growth plate chondrocyte differentiation program, SOX9 and SOX6 collaborate genomewide. Chondrocyte differentiation is also known to be promoted by glucocorticoids through unknown molecular mechanisms. Methods: We investigated the effects of asynthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), on SOX9 gene expression in chondrocytes. Results: SOX9 mRNA was expressed at high levels in these chondrocytes. Treatment with DEX resulted in enhancement of SOX9 mRNA expression. The DEX effect was dose dependent (0·5 nM and 1 nM). Conclusion: RT-PCR analysis revealed that DEX also enhanced the levels of SOX9 expression. It was observed that DEX had enhancing effect only on SOX9 the expression level was low for SOX6. It can thus be concluded that chondrocyte differentiation can be promoted by DEX via SOX9 enhancement. 75 82 2015/01/102015/02/52014/12/22 1393/10/1 2015/03/252015/04/132015/03/6 1393/12/15 Mohammad Hassan Karimfar Mohammad Hassan Karimfar Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. Iran Aliasghar Peyvandi Aliasghar Peyvandi Hearing Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohsen Noorozian Mohsen Noorozian Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Navid Ahmadi Roozbahani Navid Ahmadi Roozbahani Hearing Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Reza Mastery Farahani Reza Mastery Farahani Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Maryam Sadat Khoramgah Maryam Sadat Khoramgah Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hadi Azimi Hadi Azimi Department of English Language Teaching, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Ayad Bahadori Monfared Ayad Bahadori Monfared Department of Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh Department of Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran hoomanabs@gmail.com SOX6 SOX9 Bone marrow stromal cells Differentiation ## ##

Effect of in Ovo Injected Methionine on Feather Follicle Formation and its Growth in the Chicken Embryo 2 2 Introduction: Feathers are important body structures that act as surface insulators to reduce maintenance energy requirements and also to protect skin against abrasions and infection. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of methionine injection into the yolk sac on development of feather follicle in chicken embryo. Methods: 50 fertilized eggs (weighting 50±0.4 gr) of Ross×308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into five equal groups of 10 eggs each. On day 4 of incubation, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg of methionine dissolved in 0.5 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the yolk sac of treatment groups 1 to 4, respectively. The control group was only injected with 0.5 ml of PBS. On the day 18 of incubation, the eggs were removed from the incubator and the embryos were killed humanely. Then, the samples were taken from the skin of thoracic region of each embryo for histometrical study. Results: The results of this study indicated that the density of feather follicles increased significantly (P0.05) increase in the number of feather follicles. A significant increase (P<0.05) was also observed in the feather follicle diameter when 40 and 50 mg of methionine were injected. Conclusion: Administration of 50 mg methionine in 0.5 ml PBS via yolk sac in day 4 of incubation increased both density and diameter of feather follicle in chicken embryo significantly. 83 88 2015/01/102015/02/52014/12/222015/01/26 1393/11/6 2015/03/252015/04/132015/03/62015/04/13 1394/1/24 Mohammad Naser Nazem Mohammad Naser Nazem Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran nasernazem@yahoo.com Reza Amanollahi Reza Amanollahi Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Iran reza.vet87@yahoo.com Hadi Tavakoli Hadi Tavakoli Department of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran tavakkoli@uk.ac.ir Forugh Mansouri Forugh Mansouri Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. Iran fmansori_2000@yahoo.com Methionine Hair follicle Chicken embryo [1] Lopez-Coello C. Potential causes of broiler feathering problems.##Pages 1-46 in feathering manual. St Louis, MO: Novus##International; 2003.##[2] Kjaer J, Bessei W. The interrelationships of nutrition and##feather pecking in the domestic fowl-A review. European##Poultry Science. 2013; 77(1):1-9.##[3] Barbi J, Ribeiro A, Zaviezo D. Factors affecting feather development.##Pages 1-41 in feathering manual. St Louis, MO: Novus##International; 2003.##[4] Farran M, Thomas O. Valine deficiency. The effect of feeding##a valine-deficient diet during the starter period on performance##and feather structure of male broiler chicks. Poultry##Science. 1992; 71(11):1879-84.##[5] Wheeler K, Latshaw J. Sulfur amino acid requirements and##interactions in broilers during two growth periods. Poultry##Science. 1981; 60(1):228-36.##[6] Urdaneta-Rincon M, Leeson S. Effect of dietary crude protein##and lysine on feather growth in chicks to twenty-one days of##age. Poultry Science. 2004; 83(10):1713-7.##[7] Halder G, Roy B. Effect of herbal or synthetic methionine on##performance, cost benefit ratio, meat and feather quality of##broiler chicken. International Journal of Agricultural Research.##2004; 2(12):987-96.##[8] Ohta Y, Tsushima N, Koide K, Kidd M, Ishibashi T. Effect of##amino acid injection in broiler breeder eggs on embryonic##growth and hatchability of chicks. Poultry Science. 1999;##78(11):1493-8.##[9] Ohta Y, Kidd M, Ishibashi T. Embryo growth and amino acid##concentration profiles of broiler breeder eggs, embryos, and##chicks after in ovo administration of amino acids. Poultry##Science. 2001; 80(10):1430-6.##[10] Jacobsen ID, Grobe K, Hube B. Embryonated chicken eggs##as alternative infection model for pathogenic fungi. Methods##in Molecular Biology. 2012; 845:487-96.##[11] Wylie L, Robertson G, Hocking P. Effects of dietary protein##concentration and specific amino acids on body weight,##body composition and feather growth in young turkeys.##British Poultry Science. 2003; 44(1):75-87.##[12] Twining P, Thomas O, Bossard E. The number of feathers##on the litter; another criterion for evaluating the adequacy of##broiler diets. Poultry Science. 1976; 55(4):1200-7.##[13] Kalinowski A, Moran E, Wyatt C. Methionine and cystine##requirements of slow-and fast-feathering male broilers from##zero to three weeks of age. Poultry Science. 2003; 82(9):1423-7.##[14] Engler K, Thomas O, Bossard E. The sulfur amino acid requirement##of 3-week old broilers. Proceedings of the University##of Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers;##1985 Mar 21-22; College Park, MD, USA; 1985, pp:##5-10.##[15] Deschutter A, Leeson S. Feather growth and development.##World’s Poultry Science Journal. 1986; 42(3):259-67.##[16] Penz Jr.A, Kratzer F, Rogers Q. Effect of excess leucine on##feather structure and feather composition in the chick. Nutrition##Reports International. 1984; 29(4):991-5.##88##[17] Robel E. A feather abnormality in chicks fed diets deficient##in certain amino acids. Poultry Science. 1977; 56(6):1968-71.##[18] Urdaneta-Rincon M, Leeson S. Effect of dietary crude protein##and lysine on feather growth in chicks to twenty-one##days of age. Poultry Science. 2004; 83(10):1713–1717##[19] Nitsan Z, Dvorin A, Nir I. Composition and amino acid##content of carcass, skin and feathers of the growing gosling.##Poultry Science. 1981; 22(1):79-84.##[20] Hurwitz S, Frisch Y, Bar A, Eisner U, Bengal I, Pines M. The##amino acid requirements of growing turkeys: 1. Model construction##and parameter estimation. Poultry Science. 1983;##62(11):2208-17.##[21] March B, Biely J. Folic acid supplementation of high proteinhigh##fat diets. Poultry Science. 1956; 35(3):550-1.##[22] Chen F, Noll S, Waibel P, Hawkins D. Effect of folate, vitamin##B12 and choline supplementation on turkey breeder##performance. Poultry Science. 1993; 72-73.##[23] Bender DA. Amino acid metabolism. 3rd ed. New York: John##Wiley & Sons; 2012.##[24] Ohta Y, Kidd M. Optimum site for in ovo amino acid##injection in broiler breeder eggs. Poultry Science. 2001;##80(10):1425-9.##[25] Song H, Wang Y, Goetinck PF. Fibroblast growth factor 2##can replace ectodermal signaling for feather development.##Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996;##93(19):10246-9.##[26] Morgan BA, Orkin RW, Noramly S., Perez A. Stage-specific##effects of sonic hedgehog expression in the epidermis. Developmental##Biology. 1998; 201(1):1-12.##[1] Lopez-Coello C. Potential causes of broiler feathering problems.##Pages 1-46 in feathering manual. St Louis, MO: Novus##International; 2003.##[2] Kjaer J, Bessei W. The interrelationships of nutrition and##feather pecking in the domestic fowl-A review. European##Poultry Science. 2013; 77(1):1-9.##[3] Barbi J, Ribeiro A, Zaviezo D. Factors affecting feather development.##Pages 1-41 in feathering manual. St Louis, MO: Novus##International; 2003.##[4] Farran M, Thomas O. Valine deficiency. The effect of feeding##a valine-deficient diet during the starter period on performance##and feather structure of male broiler chicks. Poultry##Science. 1992; 71(11):1879-84.##[5] Wheeler K, Latshaw J. Sulfur amino acid requirements and##interactions in broilers during two growth periods. Poultry##Science. 1981; 60(1):228-36.##[6] Urdaneta-Rincon M, Leeson S. Effect of dietary crude protein##and lysine on feather growth in chicks to twenty-one days of##age. Poultry Science. 2004; 83(10):1713-7.##[7] Halder G, Roy B. Effect of herbal or synthetic methionine on##performance, cost benefit ratio, meat and feather quality of##broiler chicken. International Journal of Agricultural Research.##2004; 2(12):987-96.##[8] Ohta Y, Tsushima N, Koide K, Kidd M, Ishibashi T. Effect of##amino acid injection in broiler breeder eggs on embryonic##growth and hatchability of chicks. Poultry Science. 1999;##78(11):1493-8.##[9] Ohta Y, Kidd M, Ishibashi T. Embryo growth and amino acid##concentration profiles of broiler breeder eggs, embryos, and##chicks after in ovo administration of amino acids. Poultry##Science. 2001; 80(10):1430-6.##[10] Jacobsen ID, Grobe K, Hube B. Embryonated chicken eggs##as alternative infection model for pathogenic fungi. Methods##in Molecular Biology. 2012; 845:487-96.##[11] Wylie L, Robertson G, Hocking P. Effects of dietary protein##concentration and specific amino acids on body weight,##body composition and feather growth in young turkeys.##British Poultry Science. 2003; 44(1):75-87.##[12] Twining P, Thomas O, Bossard E. The number of feathers##on the litter; another criterion for evaluating the adequacy of##broiler diets. Poultry Science. 1976; 55(4):1200-7.##[13] Kalinowski A, Moran E, Wyatt C. Methionine and cystine##requirements of slow-and fast-feathering male broilers from##zero to three weeks of age. Poultry Science. 2003; 82(9):1423-7.##[14] Engler K, Thomas O, Bossard E. The sulfur amino acid requirement##of 3-week old broilers. Proceedings of the University##of Maryland Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers;##1985 Mar 21-22; College Park, MD, USA; 1985, pp:##5-10.##[15] Deschutter A, Leeson S. Feather growth and development.##World’s Poultry Science Journal. 1986; 42(3):259-67.##[16] Penz Jr.A, Kratzer F, Rogers Q. Effect of excess leucine on##feather structure and feather composition in the chick. Nutrition##Reports International. 1984; 29(4):991-5.##88##[17] Robel E. A feather abnormality in chicks fed diets deficient##in certain amino acids. Poultry Science. 1977; 56(6):1968-71.##[18] Urdaneta-Rincon M, Leeson S. Effect of dietary crude protein##and lysine on feather growth in chicks to twenty-one##days of age. Poultry Science. 2004; 83(10):1713–1717##[19] Nitsan Z, Dvorin A, Nir I. Composition and amino acid##content of carcass, skin and feathers of the growing gosling.##Poultry Science. 1981; 22(1):79-84.##[20] Hurwitz S, Frisch Y, Bar A, Eisner U, Bengal I, Pines M. The##amino acid requirements of growing turkeys: 1. Model construction##and parameter estimation. Poultry Science. 1983;##62(11):2208-17.##[21] March B, Biely J. Folic acid supplementation of high proteinhigh##fat diets. Poultry Science. 1956; 35(3):550-1.##[22] Chen F, Noll S, Waibel P, Hawkins D. Effect of folate, vitamin##B12 and choline supplementation on turkey breeder##performance. Poultry Science. 1993; 72-73.##[23] Bender DA. Amino acid metabolism. 3rd ed. New York: John##Wiley & Sons; 2012.##[24] Ohta Y, Kidd M. Optimum site for in ovo amino acid##injection in broiler breeder eggs. Poultry Science. 2001;##80(10):1425-9.##[25] Song H, Wang Y, Goetinck PF. Fibroblast growth factor 2##can replace ectodermal signaling for feather development.##Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1996;##93(19):10246-9.##[26] Morgan BA, Orkin RW, Noramly S., Perez A. Stage-specific##effects of sonic hedgehog expression in the epidermis. Developmental##Biology. 1998; 201(1):1-12. ##

Evaluating Anthropometric Dimensions of the Femur Using Direct and Indirect Methods 2 2 Introduction: The human anthropometric characteristics are surveyed in anthropology. Anthropology is used in archeology, rehabilitation and legal medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine femur which has a special place in the science of anthropometry. Methods: To measure the femur, both direct and indirect methods was used. The direct method of measuring the 113 femur in dissection hall. Samples included persons aged between 20-40 years who were selected randomly. In this descriptive and analytical study, cluster sampling method was used to select the subjects. For anthropometric measurements, metallic and plastic tape, goniometer, caliper were used. Different dimensions of the femur such as anteriorposterior and lateral diameter of the femoral head, anterior-posterior and lateral diameter of the body, the minimum length diameter of the neck, superficial longest and shortest femoral height were measured. Results: The mean±SD of femoral length was 40.31 CM and 43.3 CM, in females and males respectively, this difference was significant (P<0.05). All dimensions were significantly different between male and female in direct and indirect method. Conclusion: Usage of anthropometric data in designing a product can reduce human errors and improve public health and qualification of products and efficiency of workplaces. In addition, by using a single bone such as femur, we can determine gender, age or the relationship between bone length and body weight. It is also helpful in forensics, biomedical engineering, ergonomics and surgery. 89 92 2015/01/102015/02/52014/12/222015/01/262015/02/22 1393/12/3 2015/03/252015/04/132015/03/62015/04/132015/04/25 1394/2/5 Seyed Hassan Eftekhar Vaghefi Seyed Hassan Eftekhar Vaghefi Department of Medical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran Leila Elyasi Leila Elyasi Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. Iran elyasy_leila@yahoo.com Saeed Reza Amirian Saeed Reza Amirian Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. Iran Parviz Raigan Parviz Raigan Department of Medical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran Hakimeh Akbari Hakimeh Akbari Department of Medical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran Iran Mina Sheikhshoaiee Mina Sheikhshoaiee Department of Medical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran Arash Borbor Arash Borbor Department of Medical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Iran Anthropometry Femur Gender [1] Chuan TK, Hartono M, Kumar N, Anthropometry of the##Singaporean and Indonesian populations. International##Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2010; 40(6):757-766.##[2] Khadem MM, Islam MA. Development of anthropometric##data for Bangladeshi male population. International Journal##of Industrial Ergonomics. 2014; 44(3):407-412.##[3] Mehrparvar AH. Static anthropometric dimensions in a##population of Iranian high school students considering ethnic##differences. Human factors: The Journal of the Human##Factors and Ergonomics Society. 2014; 22(4):18-37.##[4] Vaghefi SHE, Elyasi L. Anthropometric survey of worker##population in Bandar-Abbas. Thrita Student Journal of##Medical Sciences. 2014; 21(3):101-107##[5] Moshkdanian G. Anthropometric characteristics of upper##limb in Iranian and Pakistani subjects. Journal of Gorgan##University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 16(3): 80-84.##[6] Lin YC, Wang J, Wang M. The comparisons of anthropometric##characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Applied##Ergonomics. 2014; 35(2):173-178.##[7] Alunni-Perret V, Staccini P, Quatrehomme G. Sex determination##from the distal part of the femur in a French contemporary##population. Forensic Science International. 2008;##175(2):113-117.##[8] Goswami A, Ganguli S, Chatterjee B. Anthropometric characteristics##of disabled and normal Indian men. Ergonomics.##1987; 30(5):817-823.##[9] Zheng T. Stature estimation of teenagers by limb long##bones with computerized radiography. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi.##2011; 27(3): 178-81.##[10] Kanchan T, Krishan K. Anthropometry of hand in sex determination##of dismembered remains-A review of literature.##Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2011; 18(1):##14-17.##[11] McCluskey L. Throwing velocity and jump height in female##water polo players: Performance predictors. Journal##of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2010; 13(2): 236-240.##[12] Klamklay J. Anthropometry of the southern Thai population.##International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic. 2008;##38(1): 111-118.##[1] Chuan TK, Hartono M, Kumar N, Anthropometry of the##Singaporean and Indonesian populations. International##Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2010; 40(6):757-766.##[2] Khadem MM, Islam MA. Development of anthropometric##data for Bangladeshi male population. International Journal##of Industrial Ergonomics. 2014; 44(3):407-412.##[3] Mehrparvar AH. Static anthropometric dimensions in a##population of Iranian high school students considering ethnic##differences. Human factors: The Journal of the Human##Factors and Ergonomics Society. 2014; 22(4):18-37.##[4] Vaghefi SHE, Elyasi L. Anthropometric survey of worker##population in Bandar-Abbas. Thrita Student Journal of##Medical Sciences. 2014; 21(3):101-107##[5] Moshkdanian G. Anthropometric characteristics of upper##limb in Iranian and Pakistani subjects. Journal of Gorgan##University of Medical Sciences. 2014; 16(3): 80-84.##[6] Lin YC, Wang J, Wang M. The comparisons of anthropometric##characteristics among four peoples in East Asia. Applied##Ergonomics. 2014; 35(2):173-178.##[7] Alunni-Perret V, Staccini P, Quatrehomme G. Sex determination##from the distal part of the femur in a French contemporary##population. Forensic Science International. 2008;##175(2):113-117.##[8] Goswami A, Ganguli S, Chatterjee B. Anthropometric characteristics##of disabled and normal Indian men. Ergonomics.##1987; 30(5):817-823.##[9] Zheng T. Stature estimation of teenagers by limb long##bones with computerized radiography. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi.##2011; 27(3): 178-81.##[10] Kanchan T, Krishan K. Anthropometry of hand in sex determination##of dismembered remains-A review of literature.##Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2011; 18(1):##14-17.##[11] McCluskey L. Throwing velocity and jump height in female##water polo players: Performance predictors. Journal##of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2010; 13(2): 236-240.##[12] Klamklay J. Anthropometry of the southern Thai population.##International Journal of Industrial Ergonomic. 2008;##38(1): 111-118. ##

Comparisons between Two Antioxidant Butylated Hydroxytoluene and Glutathione Supplemented Cryopreservation Medium on Human Sperm DNA Integrity 2 2 Introduction: Cryopreservation of semen is routinely used in a variety of circumstances including before assisted reproduction treatments, pre- radiation or chemotherapy treatment and etc. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Glutathione supplemented cryopreservation medium on sperm parameters and amount of DNA fragmentation during the freeze-thaw process. Methods: Semen samples were obtained from 60 donors. After the determination of basic parameters, groups of three sample with similar parameters were pooled and processed by Pure Sperm gradient centrifugation. The semen samples were then diluted with normal freezing medium (control) or a medium containing 5mM glutathione (test) and 0.5 mM BHT (test) stored in liquid nitrogen. Frozen cryovials were thawed individually for 20 seconds in a water bath (37 ˚C) for evaluation. Results: Significant differences were observed in motility, viability and DNA fragmentation. Motility and viability were significantly higher in treated groups with 0.5 Mm in 5 min BHT than the control group and Glutathione 5mM (P<0.001). Conclusion: Significant differences were observed in motility, viability and DNA fragmentation. Motility and viability were significantly higher in treated groups with 0.5 Mm in 5 min BHT than the control group and Glutathione 5mM (P<0.001). 93 96 2015/01/102015/02/52014/12/222015/01/262015/02/222015/02/4 1393/11/15 2015/03/252015/04/132015/03/62015/04/132015/04/252015/04/21 1394/2/1 Marzieh Ghorbani Marzieh Ghorbani Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran rozhinaghorbani@yahoo.com Heidar Tavilani Heidar Tavilani Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran tavilani@umsha.ac.ir Iraj Khodadadi Iraj Khodadadi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran khodadadi@umsha.ac.ir Iraj Amiri Iraj Amiri Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Iran amiri44@yahoo.com Butylated hydroxytoluene Glutathione Cryopreservation DNA fragmentation Spermatozoa [1] Donnelly ET, McClure N, Lewis SE. Cryopreservation of##human semen and prepared sperm: effects on motility parameters##and DNA integrity. Fertility and Sterility. 2001;##76(5):892-900.##[2] Thomson LK, Fleming SD, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN, Zieschang##J-A, Clark AM. Cryopreservation-induced human sperm##DNA damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative##stress rather than apoptosis. Human Reproduction. 2009;##24(9):2061-70.##[3] Zribi N, Chakroun NF, Ben Abdallah F, Elleuch H, Sellami##A, Gargouri J, et al. Effect of freezing–thawing process and##quercetin on human sperm survival and DNA integrity.##Cryobiology. 2012; 65(3):326-31.##[4] Watson P. The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved##semen. Animal Reproduction Science. 2000; 60-61;481-92.##[5] Li Z, Lin Q, Liu R, Xiao W, Liu W. Protective effects of ascorbate##and catalase on human spermatozoa during cryopreservation.##Journal of Andrology. 2010; 31(5):437-44.##[6] Gadea J, Molla M, Selles E, Marco M, Garcia-Vazquez F,##Gardon J. Reduced glutathione content in human sperm is##decreased after cryopreservation: effect of the addition of##reduced glutathione to the freezing and thawing extenders.##Cryobiology. 2011; 62(1):40-6.##[7] Ijaz A, Hussain A, Aleem M, Yousaf M, Rehman H. Butylated##hydroxytoluene inclusion in semen extender improves##the post-thawed semen quality of Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus##bubalis). Theriogenology. 2009; 71(8):1326-9.##[8] Roca J, Gil MA, Hernandez M, Parrilla I, Vazquez JM, Martinez##EA. Survival and Fertility of Boar Spermatozoa After##Freeze-Thawing in Extender Supplemented With Butylated##Hydroxytoluene. Journal of Andrology. 2004; 25(3):397-405.##[9] Memon AA, Wahid H, Rosnina Y, Goh YM, Ebrahimi M,##Nadia F. Effect of ascorbic acid concentrations, methods of##cooling and freezing on Boer goat semen cryopreservation.##Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2013; 48(2):325-30.##[10] Greco E, Romano S, Iacobelli M, Ferrero S, Baroni E, Minasi##MG, et al. ICSI in cases of sperm DNA damage: beneficial##effect of oral antioxidant treatment. Human Reproduction.##2005; 20(9):2590-4.##[11] World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for##the examination and processing of human semen. Geneva:##World Health Organization Publication; 2010.##[12] Amiri I, Ghorbani M, Heshmati S. Comparison of the DNA##fragmentation and the sperm parameters after processing##by the density gradient and the swim up methods. Journal##of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2012; 6(9):1451.##[13] Agarwal A, Said TM. Role of sperm chromatin abnormalities##and DNA damage in male infertility. Human Reproduction##Update. 2003; 9(4):331-45.##[14] Gadea J, Molla M, Selles E, Marco MA, Garcia-Vazquez FA,##Gardon JC. Reduced glutathione content in human sperm##is decreased after cryopreservation: Effect of the addition of##reduced glutathione to the freezing and thawing extenders.##Cryobiology. 2011; 62(1):40-6.##[15] Bucak MN, Sarıözkan S, Tuncer PB, Sakin F, Ateşşahin A,##Kulaksız R, et al. The effect of antioxidants on post-thawed##Angora goat (Capra hircus ancryrensis) sperm parameters,##lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities. Small Ruminant##Research. 2010; 89(1):24-30.##[16] Tuncer PB, Bucak MN, Büyükleblebici S, Sarıözkan S, Yeni##D, Eken A, et al. The effect of cysteine and glutathione on##sperm and oxidative stress parameters of post-thawed bull##semen. Cryobiology. 2010; 61(3):303-7.##[1] Donnelly ET, McClure N, Lewis SE. Cryopreservation of##human semen and prepared sperm: effects on motility parameters##and DNA integrity. Fertility and Sterility. 2001;##76(5):892-900.##[2] Thomson LK, Fleming SD, Aitken RJ, De Iuliis GN, Zieschang##J-A, Clark AM. Cryopreservation-induced human sperm##DNA damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative##stress rather than apoptosis. Human Reproduction. 2009;##24(9):2061-70.##[3] Zribi N, Chakroun NF, Ben Abdallah F, Elleuch H, Sellami##A, Gargouri J, et al. Effect of freezing–thawing process and##quercetin on human sperm survival and DNA integrity.##Cryobiology. 2012; 65(3):326-31.##[4] Watson P. The causes of reduced fertility with cryopreserved##semen. Animal Reproduction Science. 2000; 60-61;481-92.##[5] Li Z, Lin Q, Liu R, Xiao W, Liu W. Protective effects of ascorbate##and catalase on human spermatozoa during cryopreservation.##Journal of Andrology. 2010; 31(5):437-44.##[6] Gadea J, Molla M, Selles E, Marco M, Garcia-Vazquez F,##Gardon J. Reduced glutathione content in human sperm is##decreased after cryopreservation: effect of the addition of##reduced glutathione to the freezing and thawing extenders.##Cryobiology. 2011; 62(1):40-6.##[7] Ijaz A, Hussain A, Aleem M, Yousaf M, Rehman H. Butylated##hydroxytoluene inclusion in semen extender improves##the post-thawed semen quality of Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus##bubalis). Theriogenology. 2009; 71(8):1326-9.##[8] Roca J, Gil MA, Hernandez M, Parrilla I, Vazquez JM, Martinez##EA. Survival and Fertility of Boar Spermatozoa After##Freeze-Thawing in Extender Supplemented With Butylated##Hydroxytoluene. Journal of Andrology. 2004; 25(3):397-405.##[9] Memon AA, Wahid H, Rosnina Y, Goh YM, Ebrahimi M,##Nadia F. Effect of ascorbic acid concentrations, methods of##cooling and freezing on Boer goat semen cryopreservation.##Reproduction in Domestic Animals. 2013; 48(2):325-30.##[10] Greco E, Romano S, Iacobelli M, Ferrero S, Baroni E, Minasi##MG, et al. ICSI in cases of sperm DNA damage: beneficial##effect of oral antioxidant treatment. Human Reproduction.##2005; 20(9):2590-4.##[11] World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for##the examination and processing of human semen. Geneva:##World Health Organization Publication; 2010.##[12] Amiri I, Ghorbani M, Heshmati S. Comparison of the DNA##fragmentation and the sperm parameters after processing##by the density gradient and the swim up methods. Journal##of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2012; 6(9):1451.##[13] Agarwal A, Said TM. Role of sperm chromatin abnormalities##and DNA damage in male infertility. Human Reproduction##Update. 2003; 9(4):331-45.##[14] Gadea J, Molla M, Selles E, Marco MA, Garcia-Vazquez FA,##Gardon JC. Reduced glutathione content in human sperm##is decreased after cryopreservation: Effect of the addition of##reduced glutathione to the freezing and thawing extenders.##Cryobiology. 2011; 62(1):40-6.##[15] Bucak MN, Sarıözkan S, Tuncer PB, Sakin F, Ateşşahin A,##Kulaksız R, et al. The effect of antioxidants on post-thawed##Angora goat (Capra hircus ancryrensis) sperm parameters,##lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities. Small Ruminant##Research. 2010; 89(1):24-30.##[16] Tuncer PB, Bucak MN, Büyükleblebici S, Sarıözkan S, Yeni##D, Eken A, et al. The effect of cysteine and glutathione on##sperm and oxidative stress parameters of post-thawed bull##semen. Cryobiology. 2010; 61(3):303-7. ##

Case Report: A Case Report on Variation in Bifurcation of Brachial Artery 2 2 Variations in arterial anatomy are less frequent, contrary to the venous system, and most of these variations affect visceral arteries. Variations in the brachial artery are the most frequently reported and so far a minimum of six different patterns have been described. The most common of these patterns is the superficial brachial artery, which lies superficially to the median nerve. Much less prevalent is the high origin of the radial artery (brachioradial artery) or the existence of a doubled brachial artery (accessory brachial artery). The current study presents a pattern of brachial artery variation which was previously undescribed. During dissection of the right upper limb of a 50 year-old male embalmed cadaver, the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the proximal portion of the middle third of the arm was observed. In this case, the medial branch reaches the medial aspect of the arm, posterior to the median nerve. Afterwards, this medial branch redirects laterally and crosses the median nerve again, this time lying anterior to the nerve till it reaches the lateral aspect of the arm. At the elbow level, the medial branch originates from the radial artery. The lateral branch of the brachial artery remains lateral to the median nerve and continues as ulnar artery and originates from the interosseous artery. It was also observed that the left brachial artery was smaller in size, and bifurcated high in the arm into the superficial radial and ulnar arteries. It was also interesting to note that the common interosseous artery was originated from the left radial artery in the cubital fossa, which descended deep to pronator teres where it was divided into the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries. These variations are discussed comprehensively and compared with the previous reports. Also, it is asserted how clinically the findings are significant. 97 100 2015/01/102015/02/52014/12/222015/01/262015/02/222015/02/42014/12/10 1393/9/19 2015/03/252015/04/132015/03/62015/04/132015/04/252015/04/212015/03/18 1393/12/27 Fatemeh Fadai Fathabadi Fatemeh Fadai Fathabadi Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohsen Noorozian Mohsen Noorozian Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Mohammad Bayat Mohammad Bayat Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Vahid Ebrahimi Vahid Ebrahimi Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Elnaz Rahbar Laeegh Elnaz Rahbar Laeegh Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Atoosa Zirak Atoosa Zirak Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Razieh Roohani Razieh Roohani Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Hadi Azimi Hadi Azimi Department of English Language Teaching, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran Reza Mastery Farahani Reza Mastery Farahani Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Iran realmastery@hotmail.com Anatomical variations Brachial artery Cadaver ## ##

Case Report: Absence of Thyrocervical Trunk 2 2 The thyrocervical trunk most commonly arises from the upper portion of the first segment of the subclavian artery, close to the medial edge of the scalenus anterior muscle and after short distance is divided to the inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, and suprascapular artery. This study reports important variations in branches of the thyrocervical trunk in a singular female cadaver. On the right side, no thyrocervical trunk was found. The two branches which normally originate from the thyrocervical trunk had a different origin. The superficial cervical, suprascapular and internal thoracic arteries arose from the common trunk artery. An awareness of this rare variation is important because this area is used for diagnostic and surgical procedures. 101 105 2015/01/102015/02/52014/12/222015/01/262015/02/222015/02/42014/12/102014/12/10 1393/9/19 2015/03/252015/04/132015/03/62015/04/132015/04/252015/04/212015/03/182015/03/18 1393/12/27 Hassan Hassani Bafrani Hassan Hassani Bafrani Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Iran hhassanib@gmail.com Homayun Naderian Homayun Naderian Anatomical Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Iran Mohammad Ali Atlasi Mohammad Ali Atlasi Anatomical Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Iran hhassanib@gmail.com Abolfazl Azami-Tameh Abolfazl Azami-Tameh Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Iran hhassanib@gmail.com Subclavian artery Thyrocervical trunk Variation complex Neck posterior triangle ## ##