per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 1 8 article Shahnaz Razavi 1 Mohammad Mardani 2 Hosein Mozdarani 3 Mohammad Hosein Nasr Esfahani 4 Habibeh Azvaji 5 Anatomy Department, Medical Sciences Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran. Purpose: After aneuploidy,sperm premature chromatin condensation (PCC) is the next most important cause of fertilization failure. Therefore the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of sperm protamine deficiency on sperm PCC formation post ICSI. Materials and Methods: Cytogenetic analysis was carried out on unfertilized oocytes post ICSI and incidence of sperm PCC was evaluated. The results were compared with the extent of protamine deficiency assessed by chromomycin A3. Results: Incidence of sperm PCC and fertilization rate were significantly different in unfertilized oocytes injected from semen samples with greater than 30% CMA3 positivity compared to those injected with less than 30% CMA3 positivity. Significant correlation was also observed between sperm protamine deficiency with fertilization rate. Conclusion: Sperm protamine deficiency effects fertilization rate and most likely it prones sperms to PCC post ICSI. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-333-en.pdf Protamine deficiency PCC ICSI Fertilization CMA3 per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 9 13 article Foroogh Aldin Molaei 1 Mahdi Mahdizadeh 2 Maliheh Noubakht 3 Kazem Parivar 4 Farzaneh Mohammad Zadeh 5 Iran Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran. Purpose: The purposet of the present study is to investigate the effects of Cadmium Chloride on absorption of embryos and macroscopic changes of morphyology,height and weight of neonatal and embryos of rats. Materials and Methods: 30 female Sprauge-dawley rats were used. They were classified in 6 quintet groups. On the 9th day of pregnancy, 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg Cadmium Chloride were injected intraperitonally in right lower quadrant of abdomen of I & III and II , IV groups respectively. The V, VI groups recieved 1ml/kg of normal saline solution. On 21 day of pregnancy and postnatal day 3, fetuses and offsprings were examined for atrophy, retarded growth, and facial malformations. Then, their left kidney were weighted. Results: Treatment with 4 mg/kg Cadmium Chloride leads to significant neonatal and postnatal rats atrophy (loss of weight and height, and decrease of kidney weight only in postnatal groups; however treatment with 2 mg/kg Cadmium Chloride didnt affect kidney weight. At this dose, only growth of offspring and fetuses was disturbed. Conclusion: The results show that prenatal exposure to Cadmium Chloride can induce significant changes in kidney weight and growth of fetal and ne,onatal rat. Such changes seem to be restricted to the late prenatal and early postnatal period and can occur in the absence of overt signs of toxicity. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-332-en.pdf Kidney Rat Cadmiumchloride Embryo per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 15 20 article Ali Delbari 1 Mohammad Bayat 2 Mohammad Ali Almasiyeh 3 Fatemeh Sadat Rezaei 4 Shahid Beheshti Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran. Purpose: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of LPL on healing of incisized medial collateral ligament (MCL) of knee of rats. Materialsand Methods:MCL of right hind limb of 30 rats were transversly incisied. LPL (Helium- Neon, Continuose, output 10mW) were exposed (10 mJ/cm2 and 1.2 J/cm2) daily to group 1& II (experimental groups) respectively. In control group MCL were incisized, but they werent received LPL. In normal group, there wasnt any intervention. At day12 and day 21 Femur- MCL- Tibia of experimental groups, control group, and normal group were extracted. Biomechanical tests is: tensile strength (N/mm2) and working up to tensile strength (Nmm) and elastic modulus (N/mm2)were performed. Then, data were analysed by ANOVA method. Results: Tensile strength of no 2 experimental group (11.48±1.48) at day 12 had significant difference (P=0.000)comparring with to control group (7.55±0.37) and of no one experimental group (8.92±1.32) and of normal group (21.77±27). Working up to Tensile strength of normal group at day 12 (P=0.000)and day 21(p=0.005)were higher than other groups. Conclusion: Low- power laser (1.2 J/cm2) treated inisized MCLof rats increased tensiIe strength comparing with control but it was lower than normal. There wasnt any positive effect of LPL related to other biomechanical parameters. Further investigations are recommended. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-331-en.pdf Healing process Medial collateral ligament of knee joint Laser Biomechanic Rat per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 21 26 article Nasrin Ghanbar zadeh 1 Mansoureh Movahedin 2 Taghi Al-Tarihi 3 Anoushiravan Kazemnejad 4 Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. Purpose: Both initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis are hormonally regulated by FSH and testosterone.In this study the effects of FSH,and testosterone on in vitro maturation round spermatids were determind. Materials and Methods: Cell suspension was isolated from testis of NMRI male mice (8-10 weeks old) and divided inio two groups. The first part was cultured in medium containing DMEM & FBS (10%) and the second part cultured in medium containing DMEM & FBS (10%) suppelemented with FSH and testosteron. The number of round, elongating and elongated spermatids, before and during culture were accounted daily for 96 hr using light microscope. Survival rates of all kinds of spermatids were evaluated using trypan blue test and the results of every group were compared statistically by a repeated measure ANOVA. Results: The results of this study showed that the number of round spermatid cells " specimen cultured in medium suppelemented with FSH and testosterone redured on the first 24 hrs but elongating and elongated spermatid cells increased. Between 24 to 96 hrs the cells of both groups (control and experimental) reduced. The differences between two groups were significant and most of the control group cells died at the end of culture period. Viability rates of all kinds of spermatid cells reduced during 96 hrs culture in both groups. Conclusion: Results of this study confirm that round spermatid cells can progress into elongating and elongated cells only over the first 24 hrs of culture period in specimen cultured on medium supplemented with FSH and testosterone. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-330-en.pdf Round spermatid Maturation Mouse per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 27 38 article Masoomeh Fakhretaha 1 Mojtaba Reza Zadeh Valoujerdi 2 Taghi Altarhi 3 Medical Faculty, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehan, Iran. Purpose: This study was carried out to determine the qualitative and ultrastructural changes of the seminiferous epithelium after Ga.A1.As(830 nm) laser radiation. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (Two experimental groups and one control). The left testes of them were shaved,washed and marked at inferior pole and daily exposed to laser light for 15 days. The cumulative doses used 0, 28.05 (J/cm2) and 46.80 (J/cm2)in the sham and experimental groups respectively. Sampling was carried out 24 hours after the last treatment. the samples were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and the thin and ultrathin sections were examined under light and electron microscopes. Results: In the testes trradiated at 28.05 (J/cm2) the spermatogenesis was normal and the ultrastructural features of both germ and sertoli cells were similar to control, while in the seminiferous epithelium of the testes irradiated at 46.80 (J/cm2),euident qualitative changes were found including thickening and irregularity of basal lamina, increase in Vacuolization and formation of the large clusters of lysosomes in the ,cytoplasm of sertoli cells, disturbance in the normal spermiogenesis, dissociation of immature spermatids and significantly increase in degenerated and abnormal elongated spermatids. Conclusion: Low doses of laser radiation can result in biostimulative effects on spermatogenesis and cause inhancement in the number of the germ cells with normal ultrastructural features, while the doses higher than biostimulative threshold can cause specific lesions in the developement of spermatozoon and it might be a distructive factor in spermategenesis. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf Seminiferous epithelium Laser radiation Gal.A1.As(830 Nm) Qualitative changes Ultrastructure per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 39 46 article Seyyed Mahdi Emadi 1 Mozhdeh Salehnia 2 Medical Faculty, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehan, Iran. Purpose: -Nkaline phosphatase(ALP)is a major sialoglycoprotein cell surface and intracellularof some tissues such as reproductive system. The recent investigations showed that the activity of this enzyme altered during the pre implantation and implantaion time and this alteration may correlate with endometrial receptivity. The aim of this study is to determine ALP activity of mouse uterus after ovarian stimulation and progesterone injection on the preimplantation time. Materials and Methods: For this purpose female NMRI mice with age of 6-10 weeks were selected and superovulated using hMG and hCG injection with interval of 48 hours. In one group of hyperstimulated mice daily injection of progesterone subcutaneously were performed. All the experimental and , control groups were pseudopregnanted at the evening of hCG injection. The mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and samples were obtained from 1/3 of medial part of uterine horn on 3/5 days after hCG injection. The cryosections were provided with 5 microne thickness. The ALP activity was determined by azo-coupling technique using Alphanaphtole phosphate as substrate. Results: Our results showed that in control and hyperstimulated groups the ALP reaction was observed on the apical and basal epithlium border and their sytoplasm had granular reaction. The ALP reaction of stromal cells was weak whereas, the myometrial reaction was strong in both groups. In hyperstimulated-progestrone injected group this reaction decreased. Conclusion: Thus ovarian hyperstimulation followed with progesterone injection alter the ALP activity during pre-implantation period, which could affect the endometrial receptivity for embryo implantation. It needs more investigation with complementary technique. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-328-en.pdf Alkaline phosphatase Uterus Ovarian hyperstimulation Progesterone per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 47 53 article Hasan Haghir 1 Parviz Mehr-Aein 2 Mashhad Medical Sciences University, Mashhad, Iran. Purpose: This study is designed to determine the sex differences in volume of human cerebral cortex in different lobes of left hemisphere in right- handed normal subjects and the right-handed subjects which were suffered from Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 72 normal human brains (38 males, 34 females), 11 brains suffered from Alzheimer (4 males, 7=females), and 13 brains suffered from Parkinson (9 males, 4 females). The age range of males and females in each group was similar. The brains were fixed in 4% formalin. The brainstem was removed and two hemispheres were separated by a midsagittal section. The right hemisphere was used for neuropathological diagnosis and the left one was used for morphometrical analysis. Volume estimation of the cortex in different lobes of left hemisphere is performed on photographs of 5mm serial coronal sections of this hemisphere by a point grid and using the Cavalieris principle. The results were analysed by t-student and non-parametrical Mann-Whitney statistical tests. Results: The volume of frontal cortex was significantly larger in males than females (p=0.005).Higher volumes of occipital and temporal cortices in males were also signigicant (p< 0.05).There was no significant difference between males and females in the volume of parietal cortex, although this cortex had more volume. in males (p=0.17). The sexual difference in volume of different lobes cortex was not significant in the subjects which were suffered from Alzheimer disease. There was no significant difference between two sexes regarding the volume of different lobes in the Parkinson subjects These subjects there was only a tendency. Conclusion: It is concluded that the volume of different lobes cortex of left hemisphere, except the parietal cortex, is significantly larger in males than females. Although the functional importance of these differences is not clear, scientists must be aware of them in morphological studies on brain pathologies. On the other hand, neurodegenerative diseases decrease the normal gender differences in volume of different lobes cortex, which can be due to more degeneration in males than females. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-327-en.pdf Sexual demorphism Cerebral cortex Alzheimer Parkinson per 4 Anatomical Sciences Journal 17286158 17286158 2003-08 1 3 55 62 article Seyyed Hassan Eftekhar Vaghefi 1 Seyyed Parviz Rayegan 2 Hosein Akhavast 3 Kerman Medical Sciences University, Kerman, Iran. Purpose: In this investigation, we tried to evaluate mandibular. and facial growth and study their relationship. Materials and Methods: Using cluster sampling, 2200 subjects (1100 boys and 1100 girls) of different age-groups (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 years) from vairous social groups were studies. Twins, cases with musculoskeletal disturbances, etc. Were excluded. We used comopses, rouler and Morrisons calipers for our measurements. The studied parameters were mandibular lenght, mandibular height, facial length. These parameters were measured according to anatomical and anthropometric guidelines. The data for this study was analyzed with the, SPSS software package. Statistical tests like ANOVA, t test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were also used. Results: Detailed results of this study are presented in the Tables and Figures. The results showed that all mandibular and facial dimensions undergo. growth and development since the beginnign of life. Tooth eruption, number and size of teeth, and epiphysial and membranous growth of the mandible in different ages and during pubertal period cause variations in the growth rate of the mandible and face. The greatest amount of mandiblular and facial growth occur in the first 3 years of life, especially in the first year. Also there is a growth spurt, especialy for the mandibular lenght, height and facial lenght. Conclusion: At last, investigations discerned that during the first 20 years of life, mandibular lenght grows to about 2 times its birth value; Mandibular height grows to more than 2 times; facial length grows to about 2 times its birth value. The most vigorous correlation was observed among facial parameters and mandibular lenght and height. http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-326-en.pdf Mandibular growth Facial dimensions Sephalometric Kerman city