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Nematollahi-Mahani S N, Labibi F, Shahidzadeh yazdi Z, Karamad E, Habibzadeh V, Naderi T et al . The Impact of Opium Dependence and Cigarette Smoking on Human Semen Parameters. ASJ 2014; 11 (4) :189-196
URL: http://anatomyjournal.ir/article-1-86-en.html

Methods: Male partners of 1325 infertile couples attending the infertility clinic for intrauterine insemination (IUI) procedure were divided into non-smoking non-opium (NS/NO), smoking and non-opium (S/NO), non-smoking and opium (NS/O), smoking and opium (S/O), and opium dependence regardless of smoking status (O/RS) groups. Two samples were collected from each subject and were analyzed in accordance to WHO criteria. 

Results: Subjects in different groups were comparable regarding mean age, duration of abstinence, and familial history of infertility, whereas duration of infertility was longer in all groups than in NS/NO group (P<0.05). The volume of semen, liquefaction time and pH differed significantly between S/NO and NS/NO groups (P<0.05). In addition, more men in S/NO group were diagnosed to be teratozoospermic than other groups (P=0.018). Sperm progression was significantly lower in NS/O than in NS/NO group (P<0.05).